International Journal of Marine Science 2015, Vol.5, No.20, 1-16
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boat owners had no income from purse seine vessels.
The owners often sell their valuable items, such as
motorcycles, cars, boats or gold, to fulfill their daily
necessities. The crew members also sell their assets
such as motorcycles or gold. The condition of "selling
and buying" assets normally occurs in coastal
communities, particularly among fishermen; however,
in 2010, this has become more common among
fishermen, boat owners, merchants and other
community members.
2.4 Problems and challenges in controlling and
managing fish resources of the Bali Strait
The waters in Bali Strait do not constitute a large
fishing area. Fishing can be easily conducted by
one-day fishing and surveillance in these waters. A
surveillance system in the Bali Strait remains under
the responsibility of the Committee for Marine Safety
and Security (CMSS or
Bakorkamla
) that involves
cross-security agencies, such as representatives of the
custom office, immigration units, the harbormaster,
the Ministry for Marine Affairs and Fisheries
(MMAF), marine police, and navy. The CMSS is in
charge of monitoring, controlling and surveillance
(MCS) of the marine area under its jurisdiction.
Moreover, the MCS system also has a component
community supervision system performed by the
community, particularly against fishermen committing
violations at sea, which are then reported to the
security forces at checkpoints in the Pengambengan
fishing port. These entities become a governance
network and require close collaboration and
interaction. However, the governance network is
likely to erode the traditional command and control
authority of the formal government and increases the
transaction costs (Gibbs, 2008; Grafton, 2007).
People are an integral portion of ecosystems, and
intervention management to an ecosystem usually
affects humans (Carneiro, 2011). The provinces of
Bali and East Java are jointly responsible for the
management of
S. lemuru
fish stocks to regulate its
use and exploitation in the Bali Strait. In fact, the most
important tasks from both governments are to stop or
prohibit the construction of new boats and not to issue
new licenses for the operation of fishing boats and
purse seine fishing gear. Jentoft (2007) emphasized
that fisheries and coastal governance must be
concerned with the relationship between the governing
system and the system to be governed. The institutions
involved in the management of fisheries in the Bali
Strait have been established and community
supervision is available to help the monitoring and
prevention of conflict. Dietz at al. (2003) stated that in
resource management, locally evolved institutional
arrangements governed by interested parties have
served to sustain resources. However, despite this
positive development there remains a lack of
coordination between interested parties and the
consequences for violations. In addition, the
fishermen still construct purse seine boats in defiance
of regulations. This condition continues such that boat
manufacturing grows and eventually a "work force
crisis" occurs. This often results to boat owners or
captains having difficulties in finding or recruiting
crew from Jembrana and the surrounding areas. These
factors eventually have an effect on the cost of
production.
2.5 Effectiveness of fishery management policies in
the Bali Strait
Pomeroy et al. (2007) stated that a challenge facing
fishermen, resource managers and national decision
makers in the Southeast Asian region is to identify the
appropriate governance and public policy mechanisms
to manage resource sustainability and economic
feasibility. The fisheries management of the Bali Strait
began with the issuance of the joint governors’ decree
(JGD) of Bali and the East Java provinces No.
EK/I/39/1977-EK/Ie/52/77 on May 20, 1977. The
agreement regulates two main activities within the
established zone, including fishing, by setting the
number of purse seine fishing gears allowed, which
were 50 units for each province, and restricting the
number of fishing boats. The government facilitates
such agreements through the Directorate General of
Fisheries under the Department of Agriculture. In
1978, the agreement was revised by JGD No.
EK/Ie/146/1978. This JGD revised the number of
purse seine fishing gears allowed, which was set at 73
units for East Java province and 60 units for Bali
province. The agreement was again revised in 1983
through JGD No. 126/1983 and 236/1983. The
decrees further allowed 125 units of purse seine boats
for East Java province and 75 units for Bali province.
Another JGD allowed an increase in purse seine
fishing boats in 1985 through JGD No. 7/1985 and No.
4/1985 further increasing the allocations to 190 units
