Molecular Plant Breeding 2016, Vol.7, No.11, 1
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Table 3 Summary AMOVA showing the variability patterns of the collection relative to populations
Source
df
SS
MS
Est. Var.
%
P
Among Populations
11
791.529
71.957
0.950
10%
0.001
Among Individuals
395
4438.146
11.236
2.779
30%
0.001
Within Individuals
407
2310.500
5.677
5.677
60%
0.001
Total
813
7540.174
9.406
100%
Table 4 Pairwise Population Matrix of Nei Genetic Distance
Elb
Dk
Men
Db
Gin
Ak
Af
NARI
HAC AVRDC KALRO1 KALRO2
Mean*
0.00
Elb
0.29
0.18
0.00
Dk
0.27
0.31
0.11
0.00
Men
0.36
0.07
0.24 0.34
0.00
Db
0.31
0.09
0.09 0.12
0.11
0.00
Gin
0.23
0.41
0.25 0.31
0.45 0.26 0.00
Ak
0.35
0.20
0.18 0.30
0.20 0.14 0.13
0.00
Af
0.22
0.23
0.21 0.34
0.26 0.21 0.2
0.08 0.00
NARI
0.26
0.22
0.22 0.40
0.27 0.22 0.17
0.06 0.07
0.00
HAC
0.25
0.21
0.23 0.30
0.26 0.20 0.27
0.15 0.16
0.13 0.00
AVRDC 0.27
0.31
0.35 0.46
0.34 0.32 0.46
0.3
0.35
0.29 0.27
0.00
KALRO1 0.39
0.94
0.91 0.95
0.86 0.81 0.91
0.70 0.76
0.71 0.77
0.83
0.00
KALRO2 0.83
Note: Elb=Elabered, Dk=Dekemhare, Men=Mendefera, Db=Dubarwa, Gin=Gindae, Ak=Akurdat, Af=Afabet
*Mean distance of a population was determined by dividing the sum of all pairwise distances of a particular population divided by 11
which is the number of populations paired with the concerned population.
1.2 Genetic dissimilarity among population
Genetic distance among populations was determined
by using the Nei genetic distance (Nei 1972) matrix
(Table 4). The KALRO populations that included 3
peppers (KALRO1) and 8 tomatoes (KALRO2) were
the most distant compared to almost all other
populations. The outgroup population, KALRO2, with
mean distance of 0.83 and ranging from 0.70
–
0.95
showed the highest genetic distance, followed by
KALRO1 with mean 0.39 and ranged from 0.270
–
0.825. Among the Eritrean populations Mendefera
with mean genetic distance 0.36 was the most distant
to KALRO2 (0.95). It showed also a relatively high
genetic distance with all other populations except
Gindae (0.12) and Dekemhare (0.11).
Similarly Akurdat with mean genetic distance 0.346
was the most distant to KALRO1 (0.46) and showed a
relatively high genetic distance with all other
populations except distant to KALRO1 (0.46) and
showed a relatively high genetic distance with all
other populations except Afabet (0.13), HAC (0.17)
and NARI (0.20).Afabet with the lowest mean genetic
distance (0.22) showed also the lowest genetic
distance with almost all populations ranging from
0.06-0.70. Low dissimilarity was observed in three
groups; these are Elabered, Dbarwa and Gindae (0.07,
0.09 and 0.11), Dekemhare, Mendefera and Gindae
(0.11, 0.07 and 0.12) and Afabet, NARI and HAC
(0.08, 0.06 and 0.01). The last group showed also the
lowest distant to AVRDC (0.15, 0.16 and 0.13) among
the Eritrean populations (Table 4).
1.3 Population structure
Figure1 displays factor analysis using dissimilarity
distance matrix, considering axes 1 and 2. The two
axes explained a total variation of 14.3 % (7.53 % for
axis 1 and 6.79% for axis 2). Genotypes were grouped
into three main clusters in addition to a small fourth
cluster. Genotypes collected from farmers in Eritrea
separated into two clusters. Cluster 1 is mainly
composed of individuals from sub-population Gindae,
Elabered, Dubarwa, 8 individuals from Afabet and
few from Mendefera and Dekemhare. Likewise,
Cluster 2 is mainly composed of individuals from
Gindae, Mendefera and Dekemhare, 11 from Afabet
