Molecular Plant Breeding 2016, Vol.7, No.11, 1
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maintained strong ancestry in cluster 3 (27% and 24%
respectively), while for KALRO2 the average proportion
was lower (11%). A part from this, the remaining
populations clustered the same in the three clusters (Table
5). Raising the number of clusters beyond 4 showed no
remarkable change.
Table 5 Proportion of each pre-defined population in each of the 3 or 4 inferred clusters
Pre-defined
Population
Number of
individuals
Inferred clusters 3
Inferred clusters 4
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
Elb
32
0.80
0.01
0.19
0.80
0.01
0.14
0.06
Dk
18
0.25
0.50
0.26
0.24
0.50
0.20
0.06
Men
36
0.12
0.79
0.09
0.12
0.79
0.03
0.06
Db
18
0.85
0.01
0.15
0.83
0.01
0.01
0.16
Gin
82
0.48
0.45
0.07
0.48
0.44
0.06
0.03
Ak
7
0.01
0.52
0.47
0.01
0.50
0.48
0.01
Af
58
0.13
0.22
0.64
0.13
0.22
0.57
0.09
NARI
14
0.08
0.01
0.91
0.09
0.02
0.88
0.02
HAC
83
0.03
0.01
0.97
0.03
0.01
0.91
0.06
AVRDC
48
0.08
0.02
0.9
0.09
0.01
0.27
0.63
KALRO1
3
0.21
0.09
0.70
0.24
0.02
0.24
0.51
KALRO2
8
0.07
0.89
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.11
0.82
Based on membership proportion of 0.60 or greater,
percentage of individuals assigned to each cluster and
their ancestry varied from given population to another.
Frequency of individuals from Elabered, Dbarwa and
Gindae assigned to cluster 1 was 69%, 83% and 48%
at an average membership proportion of 0.98, 0.94
and 0.94 respectively. The remaining individuals were
assigned to either cluster 2 or 3 or have parents from
each (Supplementary Table 4). Frequency of
individuals from Mendefera, Dekemhare, Gindae,
Akurdat and KALRO2 assigned to cluster 2 was 75%,
50%, 45%, 57% and 87.5% at membership proportion
of 0.99, 0.97, 0.98, 0.84 and 0.94 respectively. Similar
to the above the remaining individuals were assigned
to either cluster 2 or 3 or have parents from each
(Supplementary Table 4). Frequency of individuals
from Mendefera, Dekemhare, Gindae, Akurdat and
KALRO2 assigned to cluster 2 was 75%, 50%, 45%,
57% and 87.5% at membership proportion of 0.99,
0.97, 0.98, 0.84 and 0.94 respectively. Similar to the
above the remaining individuals were assigned to
either cluster 1 or 3 or have one parent from each
(Supplementary
Table 4
). Frequency of individuals
from Afabet, NARI, HAC, AVRDC and KALRO1 was
60%, 93%, 96%, 88% and 66% at membership
proportion of 0.92, 0.95, 0.98 0.96 and 0.80
respectively with the remaining of individuals in each
population assigned to cluster 1 or 2 or have one
parent from each (Supplementary Table 4).
High heterogeneity among individuals of the same
genotype was observed. In this study three individual
plants from each seed sample were collected as
sampling strategy. The three individual plants of the
same seed sample clustered distantly in the same or
different clusters. None of the three plants was similar
confirming the morphological variability observed
during seed collection. However, variable distances
were observed. Populations collected from institutions
were more uniform compared to those collected from
farmers (Figures 2).
Average number of effective individual migrants (Nm)
for the total population was relatively high (2.25). The
pairwise population Nm (Table 6) ranged from 0.98
between Dbarwa and Akurdat to 10.45 between
Dekemhare and Gindae (excluding the tomato,
KALRO2). Overall, gene flow among population in
the same cluster was very high compared to among
populations in different clusters (Table 6).
2 Discussion
2.1 Genetic diversity
