International Journal of Marine Science, 2017, Vol.7, No.38, 371-379
372
alternative livelihoods are important ways to raise local economy which caused by decreased production of
capture fisheries. The common understanding of livelihood is still adopted to the Chamber and Conway theory
that a livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required for
a means of living (Chamber and Conway, 1992). Indeed, they mention that a livelihood is sustainable when
fulfilling four requirements; 1) Livelihood can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, 2) maintain or
enhance its capabilities and assets, 3) provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation, 4)
contribute net benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global levels and the long and short term. In other
situation in Japan, the main activitiy related with fishery household income were conducted by women until the
mid-1990s, then until such activities had contributed to the region began advanced develop (Hitomi, 2009).
The concept of community based resource management is still possible to use in order to achieve sustainable use
of coastal resource management that would be secure livelihoods activity. This concept has been successful in
Japan as well as success story in Southeast Asia Countries. Community based resource management (CBRM) is a
strategy to achieve development which centralizes in human, where the center of decision making about
utilization of resource continuously in an area depends on people's organizations in that area (Charter, 1996).
Peoples have responsibility to manage their resource. They define need, aim and decision-making by them self. In
Indonesia, a wide variety of community based management in marine and coastal resources have developed
differently from long time experiences between one region and another. Those experiences were succeeding and
some another is failed. Japan has a success story of coastal community based fisheries management for practical
used in a sustainable manner, and community has been as key important player for the well-being of fisheries
management system.
Capacity building in decentralization is one of the ways to develop coastal community as participation part in
coastal management. Improved capacity can help coastal communities tackle adverse socio-economic pressures.
Thus, the central government gives the authority to local government (provincial) and district/city to participate in
coastal zone management, particularly in improving economics of small-scale fishermen. The authority of the
local government is to formulate coastal zone and small islands management plan by involving the society based
on norm, standard and guideline. Meanwhile, the district/ city has authority to formulate zoning plan in certain
area of coastal zone and small islands.
This study will focus on investigation the strategy of fishermen in Japan and Indonesia in developing fisheries
livelihood activities. Both strategies of Japanese fishermen and Indonesian fishermen will be compared and
analyzed. The comparison of fishermen’s strategy in different country includes socio-economy characteristics of
fishermen at study sites, challenges and opportunities in developing coastal livelihoods, and fishers’ perception in
developing fisheries livelihoods.
1 Materials and Methods
1.1 Research location
Research site is divided into two countries namely Indonesia and Japan. In Indonesia, research location will select
in developed coastal area and developing coastal area namely Laikang Village in South Sulawesi and Serewe
Village in West Nusa Tenggara Province. Meanwhile, survey in Japan conducted Akitsu
Cho
(town), Higashi
Hiroshima
Shi
(city), Hiroshima
Prefecture
(province) and Hinase
Cho
(town), Bizen
Shi
(city), Okayama
Prefecture
(province)
,
where they conducting in capture fisheries and aquaculture (mariculture) activities as an
income sources.
Laikang Village is one of the 12 villages in Mangarabombang Sub-District. It has an area of 19.6 km², comprising
about 19.57% of Mangarabombang Sub-District (±100.14 km
2
). The population is approximately 4,139, or 12% of
the total population of the sub-district (35,526 people) with a population density of about 211 people/km
2
. Most of
the people work in fisheries, and some work in the agricultural sector. Laikang Village has rich natural resources
in fisheries, agriculture and tourism sectors which largely contribute to the economic development of the village.
However, fisheries infrastructure is still poor, undeveloped telecommunication and public transportation hampered
a further the economic development of the village. Lombok Island is under the administration of the Nusa
