International Journal of Marine Science, 2017, Vol.7, No.38, 371-379
373
Tenggara Barat Province Province in Lombok. The island is divided into eight regencies and two cities, which
total population is around 4.5 million (NTB in Figure, 2013) distributed in 8 Districts and 2 City in 20,153.15 km
2
.
Akitsu is a town located in Toyota District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The total area was 65.08 km²with an
estimated population of 12,023 or a density was 184.74 persons per km². Hinase is a town having an estimated
population of 8,347 and a density of 232.44 persons per km². The total area was 35.91 km². Main industry of
Hinase is Oyster (
kaki
) farming. There are many oyster-rafts in coastal area. Oyster season is around winter
(December to February) and many people come from other towns just to buy oysters from the local fish market
(Figure 1).
Figure 1 Research Locations
1.2 Data collection
The investigation involves survey, direct observation and interview. Respondents consisted of fishermen, fish
processors, key informants and representative of related stakeholders. Data obtained through direct interview and
focus group discussion. The structured questionnaire was used for direct interview, while semi structured
questionnaires were used for guide in focus group discussion. The topics of questionnaire covered socio-economic
information, perception and response of respondents. Key informants will select purposively. They include the
government officers and local government officers; researchers at research centers and universities, community
leaders, the head of the village who well-understand about the social and economic condition of the village.
Secondary data were included from statistics, published books, scientific journals and other resources.
1.3 Data analysis
Data collected is analyzed by using simple statistic, such as descriptive statistic to analyze percentage, arithmetic
mean, number and standard deviation. A Likert-type scale was used, when the respondents was asked to point out
their perceptions. Descriptive statistics essentially aimed to provide a better understanding of how frequent the
data value is, and of how much variability there is around a typical value in the data (Fernandes, 2009). The
results obtained from field observation, key informants opinions, and informal investigations were used to support
the analysis. Likert scales are a non-comparative scaling technique and are one-dimensional (only measure a
single trait) in nature. Respondents are asked to indicate their level of agreement with a given statement by way of
an ordinal scale. A Likert type scale analysis is used to analyze perception of respondents on strategy of livelihood
activity. Comparative analysis is also used to compare the strategy of coastal communities to adapt changes in
livelihood activities.
2 Results
2.1 Livelihoods activity in two coastal communities in Indonesia
Ellis (2000) define a livelihood comprises the assets (natural, physical, human, financial and social capital), the
