International Journal of Marine Science, 2017, Vol.7, No.38, 371-379
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activities, and the access to these (mediated by institutions and social relations) that together determine the living
gained by the individual or household. As the result of survey and analysis of the above two coastal villages in
Indonesia shows that fishermen have various livelihood activities such as capture fisheries, seaweed farming, and
seaweed farming combined with capture fisheries activity, seaweed farming combined with some other works.
There are some fishermen who work for seaweed farming as a single activity (35%), combined seaweed farming
and fishing activities (56%) and another multiple activity (9%). Therefore 65% of fishermen have called double
strategy or double works on livelihoods development. It means, fishermen together with family should do both
fisheries activity and alternative jobs beside fisheries.
Almost all seaweed farmers (97.5%) agree that the benefit of seaweed farming is better than catching the fish.
There are many reasons of fishermen who doing seaweed farming as income source; 1) the Indonesian
government introduced and supported seaweed farming technology that aimed to improve the economy of coastal
communities. 2) seaweed farming can manage with relatively small operational costs. 3) seaweed farming is easy
to maintain or monitor daily and/or weekly. In case of seaweed farming, the process of planting, maintenance and
harvesting are conducted by the husband, while wife and daughter support for seedling. Seaweed farming is
crucial to the implementation of a system of sustainable ecosystem management (Alder, 1994). This is confirmed
by Salayo et al. (2012) that mariculture qualifies as an economic enterprise and livelihood option for diversifying
income sources in the context of sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) to fisheries management. Zamroni and
Yamao (2011) support previous opinion that the development of seaweed farming in Indonesia has led altering in
the socio-economic structure, particularly in the livelihood economic activities of traditional coastal communities.
A lack of capital was not always regarded as a main obstacle to affect the sustainability of livelihood activities,
according to the survey results in two selected villages. It was another constraint for altering livelihood is a lack of
market information. In the survey, respondents expected that their present business was profitable enough to
continue it; however, those respondents who anticipated a good prospect of their present business for development.
In fisheries sector, fisheries entrepreneurs are regarded as a high risk group. Risks were usually related to the
seasonal factor and to the fact that fish is a highly perishable material. Mismanagement of funds intended for the
beneficiaries still poses a serious problem for sustainable of government program.
2.2 Livelihoods activity in coastal community in Akitsu, Hiroshima Prefecture
Fishermen’s livelihood in Hiroshima, Japan is different. They optimize the role of Fisheries Cooperative
Association (FCAs) and role of women of fishermen’s village on marketing of fisheries. FCAs are established in
almost all along the coastal areas and/or fishing communities of Japan, and at least one FCA exists in each
municipality (city, town and village level). They have three structure levels; 1) FCAs at local level, 2) prefectural
federations of FCAs at prefectural (province) level, and 3) national federation of FCAs at national level, which
referred to as “FCA network structure”. FCAs have contribution for fishing community in many activities, namely;
credit, supply, marketing, and processing businesses as well as a guidance or non-economic activities. In term of
fish marketing, marketing of fishes in Hiroshima has been involve as well as empowered the women, particularly
for both direct and indirect marketing activities. Direct marketing give benefits for the participants (fishermen and
consumer) and local community as well as their environment. Direct fish market advocates
self-sufficiency/independency and prevents over utilization of resources in an attempt to meet customer’s demand.
Participation of women of fishermen’s village in direct fish market creates good sense of belongings especially
through group activities. It also changes the subordinate view of women by their spouse. Marketing activities of
women improved the level of living by the support of their spouse and family.
Beside capture fisheries in the pass, fishermen in Akitsu
Cho
conducting oyster farming in coastal area within 10
meter in-depth. Oyster farmers are usually get 20 tons/crop in average of each farmer with the pricing 1,100/Kg.
In Akitsu, there are nine oyster farmers that divided into two categories; 1) two of them are farmer and as a trader.
2) The rest are only doing as a farmer. This farmer has production value is about \ 80 Million to 100 M per year of
each farmer. Some old oyster farmers sold the product to collector (Figure 2), through internet and direct market
(only 5%). However, young managers of oyster farm were usually contacted to wholesalers for selling their
