Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 121-133 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 130 selected as much as possible. Some endoablative broad-spectrum fungicides such as methylthiobratin and pyrethrin have an inhibitory effect on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Leptosphaeria maculans. They can be sprayed uniformly during the initial flowering period to achieve the purpose of "one spray and multiple prevention". For example, drugs can be sprayed against sclerotia during the flowering period of rapeseed, and appropriate amount of boron fertilizer can be added to enhance resistance; while for black shin diseases that occur early in spring, spraying and controlling can be carried out separately from the seedling stage to the bolting period, and the time between the two is staggered to avoid interference (Derbyshire and Denton-Giles, 2016). Mixed medications are an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of multiple diseases: mixing and using fungicides with complementary mechanisms in an appropriate proportion can not only expand the prevention and treatment spectrum, but also reduce the large-scale use of a single agent and reduce the risk of drug resistance (Figure 3) (Wytinck et al., 2021). In some novel formulations such as bio-derived pesticides, plant-derived extracts and microbial metabolites have shown potential in multi-target control. For example, the Chinese herbal extract developed by Ningxia University and other units has been proven to have an inhibitory effect on both Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and viral diseases, and it can reduce the degree of concurrence of multiple diseases as auxiliary spray. In addition, biological control measures should also be taken seriously in the management of multiple diseases. Figure 3 (A) Representative images of infected untransformed and BN1703.2 B. napus leaves and stem cross-sections 3 and 7 days post-inoculation respectively. Scale bars represent 1 cm for stem cross sections. (B) Relative leaf lesion area of infected B. napus transformants compared to untransformed leaf lesions. Data represents at least ten leaf lesions per line with bar representing the median. Statistical differences were tested with a one-way ANOVA (with significance of p<0.05), where significant differences are denoted with differing letters. (C) Relative fungal load of infected stem lesions 2, 4, and 7 days post inoculation. 18S rDNA abundance was quantified for untransformed and T2 BN1703.2 stem lesions. Asterisks represent statistical differences from the untransformed control (one-tailed t-test with Bonferroni correction, p<0.05 from 3 biological replicates). Lactophenol blue staining of stem transverse-sections 7 days post-inoculation of untransformed (D) and BN1703.2 (E) stems. Untransformed stems show extensive colonization and degradation of the epidermis (E), cortex (C) and secondary phloem (2°P) and penetration into the secondary xylem (2°X) through medullary rays. BN1703.2 stems show colonization of the epidermis (E) and cortex (C), although they remain intact. Secondary phloem (2°P) and xylem (2°X) remain uncolonized. Black arrowheads indicate S. sclerotiorum hyphae highlighted by lactophenol blue stain and white arrowheads indicate medullary rays. Scale bars represent 250 μm and micrographs are representative images of at least three biological replicates from different stems and ten cross sections from each (Adopted from Wytinck et al., 2021)
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