Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.5, 215-223 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 218 provide symptom management, psychosocial support and relevant knowledge explanations for patients and their families (Mitchell et al., 2020; McDermott et al., 2020). Evidence suggests that family-based care enables patients to pass away where they prefer, reduces unnecessary hospitalizations, and enhances compliance with clinical guidelines. However, the effectiveness of these models depends on whether resources are sufficient, whether the support of nursing staff is in place, and whether they can be combined with specialist palliative care services. The problems faced by the family and community model include: varying levels of care provided, possible difficulties in obtaining expert support, and a heavy burden on family caregivers. In addition, more research is needed to figure out how to better support general practice nurses in doing these jobs (Du et al., 2024). A successful family care model requires good communication, a clear care plan and an easily accessible support system, so as to ensure that patients with advanced cancer can receive continuous and high-quality care in the final stage of their lives. 3.3 Multi-disciplinary team collaboration model Multidisciplinary team (MDT) collaboration brings together people from different specialties such as nursing, clinical, social work, and psychology to provide more comprehensive and well-coordinated care for patients with advanced cancer. Compared with conventional care, nurse-led MDT end-of-life care has obvious benefits, which can reduce anxiety and depression, improve the quality of life, and increase the satisfaction of patients and their families (Liu et al., 2024; Trakoolngamden et al., 2025). Integrating knowledge such as symptom management, psychological and social support, and advance care planning, and conducting comprehensive care in stages can better meet the diverse and complex needs of patients. The MDT model can also lead to better clinical outcomes, such as reducing the concurrent use of multiple drugs and more rational use of medical resources in the final stage of life (Chen et al., 2024). This collaborative approach can make care more in line with the individual needs and thoughts of patients, encourage everyone to decide on different care plans together, and also maintain the continuity of care. To continuously improve MDT, it is necessary to enhance communication, clarify the job division of each member, provide targeted training for all members, and maximize the benefits of patients and their families (Crawford et al., 2021; Usech-guerrero et al., 2024). 4 Evaluation of End-of-life Care Models for Patients with Advanced Cancer 4.1 The effectiveness of pain and symptom management Proper management of pain and other discomforts is the key to providing good end-of-life care for patients with advanced cancer. Hospice care teams composed of multiple professionals, especially nurse-led teams, can significantly alleviate symptoms such as pain and dyspnea in hospitals, hospices and communities (Laryionava and Winkler, 2021; Usech-guerrero et al., 2024). Early initiation of supportive care and formulation of personalized care plans can help improve patients' comfort, reduce unnecessary medical treatments, and ensure that the care approach is in line with patients' wishes (Crawford et al., 2021; Hua et al., 2024). Different care methods may have different results in controlling symptoms. The care in hospitals and hospice wards can provide medical assistance in a timely manner, but sometimes more emphasis is placed on active treatment rather than making patients feel comfortable. Therefore, the relief of symptoms may not be good enough (Koroukian et al., 2023; Kwon et al., 2025). In contrast, family and community care can arrange symptom management based on the condition in a familiar environment. But whether this approach is effective depends on whether resources are sufficient and whether caregivers can provide adequate support (Mitchell et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2024). The multidisciplinary team (MDT) model usually achieves better results in pain relief and symptom control because it is more comprehensive and coordinated (Liu et al., 2024; Chen et al., 2024). 4.2 Improvement of patients' psychological well-being and family satisfaction A hospice care model that emphasizes psychological support and family participation can improve the psychological state of patients and also enhance the satisfaction of family members. Compared with standard care, nurse-led multidisciplinary hospice care has been proven to significantly reduce patients' anxiety and depression,
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