Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.5, 215-223 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 217 3 Comparison of End-of-life Care Models for Patients with Advanced Cancer 3.1 Based on the hospital and hospice ward model The practice based on hospitals and hospice wards is the traditional approach to caring for patients with advanced cancer, usually carried out in specialized departments or hospice wards. Such places have more abundant medical resources, which can better control symptoms, continuously monitor the condition, and respond promptly when the condition suddenly changes. Studies have shown that multidisciplinary palliative teams in hospitals and hospice care institutions contribute to strengthening symptom management, enhancing the satisfaction of patients and their families, and providing more adequate psychological support, especially in the last few weeks and days of life (Figure 1) (Crawford et al., 2021; Hua et al., 2024). However, aggressive treatment and repeated hospitalizations remain relatively common, sometimes making it difficult for care to meet patients' expectations of comfort and dignity (Koroukian et al., 2023; Kwon et al., 2025). Figure 1 Total care of the adult cancer patient at the end of life (Adopted from Crawford et al., 2021) Image caption: combination of treatments or other systemic treatments; white: other aspects of management; MDT, multidisciplinary team (Adopted from Crawford et al., 2021) Although this model has obvious advantages, it has also encountered some problems, such as heavy burden on caregivers, insufficient personalized care time, and an insufficiently humanized environment. Studies show that nurses in these environments are usually under more stress, and not all of them have received sufficient hospice care training, which may affect the quality of care. To improve this model, it is necessary to continuously carry out employee education, enhance collaboration in nursing, and change to more patient-centered and less invasive nursing practices when patients are approaching the final stage of life (Terzi and Kapucu, 2022; Jeong et al., 2023). 3.2 Family care and community Support models The home care and community support model focuses on providing end-of-life care in patients' homes or communities, with the aim of enabling patients to live comfortably in a familiar environment and maintain their quality of life. These models usually involve general practitioners, community nurses and family caregivers to
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