Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.2, 90-97 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 91 management level. This study aims to guide clinical practice through evidence-based medicine, improve survival rates while reducing treatment side effects, and help surgical patients achieve comprehensive recovery. 2 Common Types and Characteristics of Cervical Cancer Surgery 2.1 Radical hysterectomy Radical hysterectomy (Wetheim procedure) is the standard surgical procedure for early-stage cervical cancer (IB-IIA stage). The uterus, surrounding tissues, parts of the vagina and pelvic lymph nodes need to be removed. Although traditional open surgery (type III radical resection) has a relatively high probability of urinary tract complications, it is still the preferred option at present because it can ensure the therapeutic effect and long-term survival (Landoni et al., 2012; Poddar and Maheshwari, 2021). This surgical procedure may lead to urinary disorders, abnormal sexual function and changes in posture. The latest research indicates that for early-stage patients with small tumors, appropriately reducing the resection range can not only reduce complications but also not affect the survival rate (Reade et al., 2013). 2.2 Laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgeries Laparoscopic and robotic surgeries operate through small incisions and have the advantages of less bleeding and faster recovery. However, the latest clinical trials show that minimally invasive surgery may have the problem of poor tumor control effect, especially the survival rate data of early-stage patients has attracted attention (Chao et al., 2019; Baaran and Leitao, 2020; Poddar and Maheshwari, 2021). Some studies suggest that for specific early-stage cases, minimally invasive surgery can achieve comparable therapeutic effects to traditional surgery, but patients need to be strictly screened. The experience level of the surgical team directly affects the outcome of minimally invasive surgery (Kim et al., 2022). 2.3 Tumor staging and surgical method selection The surgical plan needs to be formulated according to the tumor stage. For early low-risk cases (such as tumors <2 cm and not invading the vascular vessels), fertility-preserving conization or simple hysterectomy combined with lymphatic examination can be chosen (Figure 1) (Schmeler et al., 2011; Reade et al., 2013; Schmeler et al., 2021; Guimarães et al., 2022). Patients in the middle and advanced stages or at high risk still require radical surgery. The resection range should refer to the tumor size, invasion depth and lymphatic metastasis. Relevant studies are exploring the possibility of reducing the surgical range. Studies have confirmed that the recurrence rate of early low-risk patients undergoing conservative surgery is low, while high-risk patients still require standard radical surgery. Figure 1 Tumors<2 cm (Adopted from Guimarães et al., 2022) Image caption: (a) A 14×resolution image of a microinvasive lesion on colposcopy evaluation; (b) A 14×resolution image of a stage IA2 squamous tumor: colposcopy evaluation of atypical vessels (Adopted from Guimarães et al., 2022) 2.4 The impact of surgical methods on complications Radical surgery is more likely to cause urination and sexual function problems (Landoni et al., 2012; Reade et al.,
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