Journal of Mosquito Research 2015, Vol.5, No.11, 1-6
1
Research Report Open Access
Effective Dose of Crude Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of
Phytolacca
Dodecandra
(L’ Herit) on
Anopheles Gambiae
(Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae
Yugi J.O.
1 Ж
, Okeyo-Owour J B.
2
, Were-Kogogo P.
3
, Luvaha G.M.
1
, Okwiri L.O.
1
, Rono T.M.
4
, Vulule M.J.
5
1. Department of Applied Sciences, Kisumu Polytechnic, P. O. Box 143-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
2. School of Agriculture, Natural resource and Environmental Studies, Rongo University College, P.O. Box 103-40404, Rongo-Kenya
3. School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Technical University, P. O. Box Bondo, Kenya
4. University of Eldoret, P. O. Box 1125-30100. Eldoret, Kenya
5. Kenya Medical research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, P. O. Box 1578-4100. Kisumu Kenya
Ж current address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Kabianga, P. O. Box 2030-20200, Kericho, Kenya
Corresponding author’s email
Journal of Mosquito Research, 2015, Vol.5, No.11 doi: 10.5376/jmr.2015.05.0011
Received: 17 Jun., 2015
Accepted: 18 Jul., 2015
Published: 04 Aug., 2015
Copyright
©
2015 Yugi
et al., This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article:
Yugi J.O., Okeyo-Owour, J B., Were-Kogogo P., Luvaha G.M., Okoyo N.A., Rono T.M and Vulule M.J., 2015, Effective Dose of Crude Ethanol and Aqueous
Extracts of
Phytolacca Dodecandra
(L’ Herit) on
Anopheles Gambiae
(Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae, Journal of Mosquito Research, Vol.5, No.11 1
-
6 (doi:
Abstract
Objective: malaria vector control is either by adult or larvae management. This study reports on the effective dose of crude
ethanol and aqueous extracts of leaf and mature green fruits of Endod;
Phytolacca dodecandra
(L’ Herit)
as a larvicide against
Anopheles gambiae
(Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes.
Material &Methods: Batches of twenty freshly hatched or moulted larvae (1
st
, 2
nd
, 3
rd
and 4
th
instars) of
An. gambiae
were transferred
using droppers into plastic containers measuring 6 cm mouth and 5.7 cm base diameter by 3.5 cm height arranged in sets. Each
container contained an approximate of 33 millilitre solution of a particular concentration of leaf (shoot or midsection) or fruit extracts
of Endod. Endod plants were sourced from Nyando and Eldoret. The solutions were a serial dilution of 40, 20, 10, 5 and 5mg/100mls
of the crude extracts. Solutions of Neem and deltamethrin were used as positive control and that of water only as negative control.
Three replicates were set up for each concentration. WHO threshold of > 80 % mortality was used as standard to assess effectiveness
of the larvicide.
Results: Over 80% of all larvae (L1s, L2s, L3s and L4s) died from exposure to concentrations of 20mg and higher of ethanol extracts
of mature green fruits of Endod irrespective of source. Only 40 mg/100 mls of aqueous extracts of Endod leaves of the shoot sourced
from Eldoret killed > 80% of exposed L1s. Higher mortalities were observed for extracts from leaves of the shoot of Endod than
those from the midsection.
Conclusion: Higher doses of ethanol and water extracts of Endod leaves and fruits were lethal to all stages of
An. gambiae
larvae.
Keywords
Anopheles gambiae
; Larvae;
Phytolacca dodecandra
; Neem; Deltamethrin
Introduction
Synthetic insecticides (Poopathi and Archana, 2010)
have for a long time been used to manage extensive
morbidity and mortality within disease-endemic countries
(Boutayeb, 2006) due to Mosquito-borne diseases.
Though effective this strategy is accompanied with
serious harm to human and other animals in the
environment (Cartilla and De la Cruz, 2012). In
addition continued use of synthetic insecticides has
been demonstrated to lead to reduced control due to
development of resistant in insect populations (Charles
and Nielsen-LeRoux, 2000).
The increasing negative effect of synthetic insecticides
has made scientists seek for alternative eco-friendly
pest control methods (Poopathi and Archana, 2010;
Montasser et al., 2011). Botanicals such as
Phytolacca
dodecandra
here after Endod have been found
promising as alternative larvicidals against
Culex
quinquefasciatus
(Misganaw et al., 2012) and
An.
gambiae
(Yugi et al., 2015) and pupicidals against
Culex quinquefasciatus
(Misganaw et al., 2012).
There is also evidence of demonstrable microbial
activity (Joshi et al., 2011). Though efficacy of Endod
extracts on
An. gambiae
larvae has been demonstrated,
no information exists on the dose or amount of the extracts
