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International Journal of Marine Science 2014, Vol.4, No.54, 1-10
http://ijms.biopublisher.ca
4
environment factors as well as water quality. It was
noted that 3 Larus
species constitute more than
20.13% of all counted birds. These were
Larus
genei
(8.91%),
Larus ridibundus
(9.32%) and
Larus
agentatus
(1.90%), Only 2 individuals of
Anser anser
were observed at north part in 10th July 2011. Average
density of birds was 7.40 individuals per hectare at
south part of wetland and more the twice (16.80) in
north part. Lowest waterbird individuals were found
in Sept. in north and south part 187 and 797
respectively, but the bird number in north part was
more than four time in north part.
Table 1 Number of birds counted in Miangaran marsh in summer in 2011(571 hectare)
Density
Average
Total
Part
North
Density
Averag
e
Total
Part
South
Sept.
Aug.
July
Sept.
Aug.
July
Species
0.30
29
87
45
31
11
0.003
0.66
2
2
0
0
Podiceps cristatus
1.18
113
339
105
117
117
0.11
22
66
0
30
36
Thachybaptus
ruficollis
1.58
150.33
451
151
148
152
0.10
17.66
53
12
0
41
Ardea cineara
1.31
125
375
100
130
145
0.013
2.66
8
8
0
0
Bubulcus ibis
0.03
3.66
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Botaurus stellaris
0.09
9
27
27
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Plegadis falcinellus
0.29
28
84
0
31
53
0
0
0
0
0
0
Phoenicopterus ruber
0.44
42
126
45
51
30
0.012
2.33
7
4
3
0
Ciconia ciconia
2.61
248
744
140
342
262
0.07
14
42
20
12
10
Himantopus
himantopus
0.74
70.66
212
2
89
121
0.001
0.33
1
0
0
1
Hoplopterus indicus
0.02
2.33
7
5
0
2
0.013
2.66
8
3
1
4
Tringa totanus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.003
0.66
2
0
2
0
Anser anser
0.61
58.66
176
0
61
115
0.04
8
24
0
0
24
Anas creca
2.99
283.66
851
270
20
561
0.25
478.33
1435
113
531
791
Fulica atra
1.02
97
292
145
15
132
0.02
4.33
13
10
0
3
Sterna hirundo
1.47
140
420
260
11
149
0.33
62.66
188
12
45
131
Larus Genei
1.44
136.66
410
145
112
153
0.40
75.33
226
3
12
211
Larus ridibundus
0.33
31.66
95
11
61
23
0.06
11.66
35
0
14
21
Larus agentatus
-
-
14
15
15
-
-
10
9
11
Monthly water bird
species
-
17
15
Total specie in three
months
797
1180
1576
187
650
1273
Monthly water birds
total
4707
2110
Sum of three month
1567
703.3
Three mounth
Average
16.51
7.40
density
2.2
Population trend
Birds are commonly utilized as indicators of ecosystem
integrity (Alvin Lopez and Taje Mundkur1994-1996).
Population levels and breeding success are monitored
at many different geographical scales to assess
environmental change and to determine future
conservation. Various factors contribute to the
extensive usage of birds as bio-indicators, (Furness et
al., 1997). Also, birds have proven popular study
subjects throughout history. Thus, many lengthy time
series of data collections exist such as the Christmas
Bird Count [9], and Breeding Bird Census [21, 6], as
well as a large body of behavioral and ecological
research. The availability of established study
methods for censuring and monitoring performance
and their relative ease of application in the field
contribute to the attractiveness of birds as
bio-indicators. A total of 6817 birds composed of 18
species were counted during the course of this study.
The number of individuals per month varied from 187
to 1273 in south part (more Polluted part) and
797-1576 in Low-polluted part (Table 1). Population
trend of waterbirds in both part were declined from
July to September 2011 (Figure 2). This trend shows
the most waterbirds are summer migratory in the
Miangaran wetland, because they leave the region in