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International Journal of Marine Science 2014, Vol.4, No.7: 74-81
http://ijms.sophiapublisher.com
75
visited by 4 million international tourists (Ratna, 2013;
and Mdika, 2012).
Recently, the utilization of a pattern of attraction
tourist attraction in the coastal coast of Anyer does not
pay attention to aspects of nature conservation. The
indicator is the presence of sand mining activities and
the encroachment of mangrove forests to open ponds.
Both of these events cause abrasion in Anyer beach
and the quality of the coastal environment object
coastal tourist attraction, given the distance to the
beach when the building is generally not more than 30
m (BPES, 2013).
Furthermore, around the Anyer coastline there is
seaweed
Hallphila spinulosa
as well as four main
type’s coral reefs:
Porites massive; Enchingora
lamellate; and Montipora digitata
. 53 % of the coral
reefs damaged because of the development of hotels,
resorts, and villa construction. They violate spatial,
break the rules of national or provincial coastline
border which stated that coastline border for building
development is less than 100 m from the coastline.
There are also throwing anchor ship activity, oil
mining, and marine pollution. The destruction of coral
reefs increasing water carbon dioxide levels, which
would cause the death of marine biota which impact
on human survival as well as the decline in
environmental quality and Anyer coast.
There are Environmental phenomena indicated by the
declining quality of natural resources and high activity
encroachment caused by economic pressures on
coastal areas Anyer. The indicators are: (1) the
conversion of mangroves into fishponds has reached
50 acres and (2) the encroachment activities in Anyer
coastal area. Both of these reduce the productivity of
oxygen and water absorption (WRI, 2013; and
Wheeler et al., 2009).
However, Anyer natural coastal tourism activities can
be done by conserving coastal environment and
improving coastal tourism competitiveness as well.
Conserved coastal environment and utilizing it for
natural coastal attraction by zoning refers to coastal
tourism development (Smith et al., 2009; and Ergin et
al., 2009) and landscaping natural coastal tourism
(Ankre, 2009) based on ecotourism (Fennel, 2001;
Hengky, 2006; and UNEP and WTO, 2012) and
competitiveness concept (Pearce and Robinson, 2005).
Zoning refers to coastal tourism development consists
of three areas: core zone for low impact use; buffer
zone for cooperative activities as ecotourism; and
transition area for a multi-use area as agriculture and
sustainable natural resources. Therefore, zoning not
only a tool to develop control regulation of two land
use of coastal tourism industry and conservation
coastal environment, but it is also simply for industrial
land-use both uses with profit functions. Zoning and
landscaping previous coastal tourism to conserve and
protected natural coastal tourism as carrying capacity
for a limited number of tourists, it needs development
of natural coastal tourism in Anyer destination for
coast environmental, local community, ecotourism,
scenery, coral reef and seaweed, conservation, and
minimized environmental impact (Smith et al., 2009;
and Ergin et al., 2009).
Nature coastal tourism landscaping based upon: active
use and change of landscape opposite coast view and
exploring scenery; and specialization to adapt.
Moreover, the landscape was influenced by human’s
use. Almost 66 % of the eco-tourists aims are to enjoy
the landscape. The other words, landscape perceived
by person’s character and its interaction with natural
and human factors. So a coastal tourism landscape
depends on the stakeholders with their interpretation
(Ankre, 2009).
There is the concept that would conserve
environmental which utilized for tourism activities
and tourist operators’ destructive behavior and it’s
namely ecotourism based on contribution to local
welfare, minimized environmental impact, served
tourism environmental friendly education and learning,
community based environmental protection (UNEP
and WTO, 2012).
Fennel (2001) examined 85 definitions of ecotourism
by using content analysis. The study resulted in the
definition of ecotourism with 6 elements, namely:
conservation,
education,
ethics,
sustainable
development (sustainable development), impact
(impact), and local benefits.
While, Hengky (2006) explored and elaborate 45
ecotourism concepts from 1987-2005: (1) Landscaping
by creating zoning new coastal tourism; (2) Nature
tourism, cultural attractions, the community
empowerment; (3) Interpretation of nature and culture