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International Journal of Marine Science 2014, Vol.4, No.27, 245-252
http://ijms.biopublisher.ca
246
of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, 2011). Estimated
the number of incoming waste reaching 678 cubic
meters covering 54% of plastic waste, 24% wood,
14% plants and foliages and the remaining are glasses,
cans and others (Thousand Islands Management Board,
2013). One of the indicators of the environmental
degradation can be seen from the coral cover which is
only around 24-26% (Gluseppa, et al, 2010).
Fishing activities undertaken by the fishermen in this
region tend not to be controlled so give the result of
over fishing, this is indicated by the size of the fish
caught in the last few years become smaller (Diniah
and Septiawan, 2009 and Harmiyati, 2009). During
the period 2008-2011 the area of thousand islands had
faced serious problem of water pollution and
deterioration to 29% (Ian and Dichmont, 2010). Water
pollution in Jakarta coastal area is very serious, every
day hundreds of tons of waste brought through 13
rivers flowing into the sea of Jakarta, consequently not
only decrease the production of fish but also affect the
tourism activities (BPLHD: Regional Environment
Management Agency, 2012). As the marine tourism
destination, thousand islands attract tourists and every
week around 5000-7000 tourists, mostly domestic
tourists come to the region, some activities are
undertaken including diving, swimming, cycling, and
beach volleyball (Syarifudin, 2012).
Due to the environmental degradation in the Thousand
Islands region, either because of the build up of trash
and over fishing, the area is currently facing a serious
problem, which threatened the sustainability of the
economic and social function. This study aims to
determine the level of sustainability of thousand
islands based on 5 (five) key indicators, i.e. ecological,
economic, socio-cultural, legal and institutional, as
well as infrastructure and technology by using MDS
(Multidimensional Scaling).
Literature Review
Fishery resources consist of fish resources, environmental
resources, as well as any man-made resources that are
used to exploit fish resources (Nikijuluw, 2002).
Fisheries Resources Management under the
Indonesian regulation No. 45/ 2009 is the utilization
of fish resources and its sustainability started from
pre-production, production, processing to marketing
carried out in a fishing business systems. Fishery
resources and the coastal area have a very large role in
the development of economic in Indonesia, but the
excessive use has been the cause of environmental
damage (ADB, 2012).
One of the factors causing water pollution in coastal
and marine areas is the activity of inhabitant and
industry. (Gumilar, 2012, Dahuri, 2003, and the World
Bank, 2006). The impact of water pollution in coastal
and marine areas is
eutrophication
and the decrease of
the sea oxygen levels as the most prominent that
ultimately lead to mass mortality in marine life, thus
the sustainability of fishery resources is threatened.
Sustainability has a meaning that the resource’s
management should have the same benefit of the
present and future, according to the OECD (1993) the
sustainability for coastal areas has physical,
chemical/biological, and social parameters. Physical
parameters is related to the area, and the physical
condition of coastal areas, the chemistry/biology
parameter is related to water quality, the amount of
oxygen, the number of species, marine life and
vegetation. While social indicator is related to the
density of the area, pubic access to the beach, existing
infrastructure, and public participation.
There are three main indicators to measure the level of
sustainability of coastal fisheries resources management,
which are ecology, economic and social, (Dahuri
2003). For a more complete analysis of sustainability,
we also need to analyze the indicator of institutional
and infrastructure (Directorate General of Capture
Fisheries, 2011). The problems encountered in the
management of coastal fisheries resources is the low
awareness of the stakeholders of the importance of
sustainability, and the existence of contestation in the
utilization that tends to
over fishing
(Aduri 2005,
Dahuri et all, 1996; Cicin Sai and Knetcht, 1998). The
level exploitation exceeds the MSY (maximum
sustainable yield) or the occurrence of excessive
(
overfising
) will reduce the sustainability of the
fishery resource use.
Natural ecosystem of coastal areas has 4 main
functions for human life: (1) life-support services, (2)
convenience services, (3) natural resource providers,
and (4) waste receiver. Based on the above four
ecosystem functions, by ecological, there are three
conditions that can ensure the achievement of