International Journal of Horticulture, 2017, Vol.7, No. 9, 64-75
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Table 2 Interactive effect of the plant parts
A. occidentale
, extraction method and concentration on the mortality
Callosobruchus
maculatus
after 96h of application
Source
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Partial Eta Squared
Extraction method * Plant parts
Extraction method * Concentration
Plant parts * Concentration
Extraction method * Plant parts * Concentration
Error
6
6
9
18
96
63.102
100.398
126.390
66.596
5.569
11.330
18.027
22.693
11.957
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.415
0.530
0.680
0.692
Note: The dependent variable = mortality
Table 3 Lethal concentration of oil extract of different parts of
A. occidentale
extracted by different methods
Plant parts Extraction methods Slope ±SE
Intercept ±SE X
2
LD
50
(50%FL)
LD
95
(95% FL)
Sig.
Nut
Cold
Hot
Ethanol
0.81±0.16
0.70±0.17
0.67±0.17
-0.02±0.07
0.09±0.06
0.25±0.07
302.091
300.945
367.219
1.06 (0.63-1.39)
0.75 (0.28-1.10)
0.42 (0.09-0.75)
2.04 (1.97-2.62)
1.27(1.14-2.04)
1.00(0.82-1.56)
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
Stem bark Cold
Hot
Ethanol
0.75 ±0.16
0.71 ±0.16
0.71±0.16
- 0.21 ±0.06
0.00 ±0.07
0.13±0.06
213.736
243.291
215.890
1.89 (1.42-2.36)
0.98 (0.48-1.20)
0.65 (0.23-1.00)
2.82 (2.40-4.74)
1.39 (1.37- 2.11)
1.56 (1.12-1.98)
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
Root bark Cold
Hot
Ethanol
0.70±0.16
0.25±0.17
0.61±0.16
-0.29±0.07
0.22±0.06
-0.00±0.06
410.086
584.547
502.558
2.09(1.58-2.70)
1.04(0.99-1.36)
1.00(0.40-1.43)
3.10(2.88-4.06)
1.84(1.47-2.71)
1.64(1.21-2.34)
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
Leaf
Cold
Hot
Ethanol
0.13±0.16
0.29±0.16
0.39±0.17
-0.22±0.07
-0.14±0.07
-0.14±0.06
299.426
3.20
5.62
3.66(3.08-4. 10)
2.89(2.35-3.96)
2.33(1.25-3.58)
4.14(4.12-7.68)
4.07(3.62-6.71)
3.89(3.57-5.29)
0.0001
0.07
0.02
Note: X
2
: Chi-square; SE: Standard error; FL: Fiducial limits; LD: Lethal dosage
2.3 Oviposition and adult emergence of
C. maculatus
exposed to different concentrations of different parts
of
A. occidentale
Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively presented the oviposition and adult emergence of
C. maculatus
exposed to
different concentrations of different parts of
A. occidentale
extracted by different methods. The oviposition and
adult emergence of the insect varied with the part of the plant, extraction method used and concentration of the
extract. The extracts statistically significantly reduced the oviposition and adult emergence of the beetle at
F=35.086, df =48, 98; p < 0.0001 (oviposition) and F= 287.066, df= 48, 98; p < 0.0001 (adult emergence).
Irrespective of the plant part and the extraction method used, none of the concentrations of
A. occidentale
used
was able to prevent the oviposition of adult
O. maculatus.
Ethanolic and cold extract of the nut and the ethanolic
extract of the root at 4% concentration achieved the lowest oviposition of 7.33 and their effect was significantly (p
< 0.05) different from other treatments. Regardless of the plant part used, the ethanolic extract of the plant
significantly reduced the oviposition of the beetle compared to extraction methods. Furthermore, only the
ethanolic extract of the nut at all concentration, 2, 3 and 4% ethanolic stem extract, 3 and 4% ethanolic root
extract and 4% ethnolic leaf extract used as well as all concentrations of the nut extracted with hot water
prevented the emergence of the adult
C. Maculatus
.
