Biological Evidence 2018, Vol.8, No.2, 6-20
15
Continued Table 5
Code
Category
Cr
Pb
Cd
Ni
Cu
Zn
Co
Mn
TTL
Ad
0.000
0.003
0.000
0.002
0.005
0.020
0.002
0.058
UG
0.000
0.004
0.000
0.002
0.005
0.022
0.003
0.062
SC
0.001
0.007
0.001
0.004
0.010
0.042
0.005
0.116
In
0.002
0.015
0.001
0.010
0.024
0.097
0.011
0.270
Note: Ad- Adult; UG-Under graduate; SC- School children; In-Infant
Pb is not required by the human body. The daily intake for all categories under study ranged from 0.003 – 0.071
µg/kg/bw/day. The values were below WHO tolerable daily intake of 240 µg/day for adult with body weight of 68
kg (Garcia-Rico et al., 2007). The values were also lower than JECFA provisional tolerable daily intake of 3.6
µg/kg/bw/day (WHO, 2000; Iwegbue et al., 2013a, 2015a) which have been withdrawn (WHO, 2017). Higher
level of Pb have been observed in some ready to eat food (Iwegbue et al., 2013a), chewing gum, peppermints and
sweets sold in Nigeria (Iwegbue et al., 2015a) and food supplements in Mexico (Garcia-Rico et al., 2007).
The daily intake of Cd from the seasonings and culinary condiments ranged from 0.000 – 0.017 µg/kg/bw/day.
The values for all the scenarios were 100% less than WHO recommended daily intake of Cd (68 µg/day) for adult
with body weight of 68 kg (Garcia-Rico et al., 2007), JECFA tolerable daily intake of 1 µg/kg/bw/day (Iwegbue et
al., 2013a), provisional tolerable weekly intake of 2.5 μg/kg body weight (EFSA, 2011) which translates to daily
intake of 0.35 µg/kg/bw/day (Iwegbue et al., 2015a), and provisional tolerable monthly intake of
0.5mg/kg/bw/month (WHO, 2017).
Ni daily intake of the seasonings and culinary condiments ranged from 0.002 – 0.057 µg/kg/bw/day for all
scenarios. The obtained results were lower than recommended tolerable daily intake value of 1000 µg/day by
Institute of Medicine (for adults between 19 - >70 years) (Institute of Medicine, 2001), 5 µg/kg/bw/day by WHO
(Iwegbue et al., 2013a). In Nigeria, higher dietary intake of Ni have been reported in ready to eat food (Iwegbue et
al., 2013a), chewing gum, peppermints and sweets (Iwegbue et al., 2015a) and food supplements in Mexico
(Garcia-Rico et al., 2007).
The dietary intake of copper for all categories under consideration ranged from 0.000 – 0.052 µg/kg/bw/day. The
values are far lower than the values recommended by Institute of Medicine (10000 µg/day) for adults within 19
- >70 years of age (Institute of Medicine, 2001), daily requirements for adults (2000 – 5000 µg/day) as specified
by Prashanth et al. (2015) and provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 0.5mg/kg/bw/day (WHO, 2017).
The value of Cu is far lower than dietary intake from food supplements in Mexico (Garcia-Rico et al., 2007),
ready to eat food (Iwegbue et al., 2013a), chewing gum, peppermints and sweets (Iwegbue et al., 2015a).
Daily intake of the seasonings and culinary condiments under all considerations for Zn ranged from 0.001 – 0.157
µg/kg/bw/day. The value is far lower than the values recommended by Institute of Medicine (40000 µg/day) for
adults within 19 - >70 years of age (Institute of Medicine, 2001), 12000 µg/day recommended by National
Research Council (1989), Iwegbue et al. (2015a), daily requirements for adults (15000 - 20000 µg/day) as
specified by Prashanth et al. (2015), and provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 0.3 mg/kg/bw/day (WHO,
2017). The values were lower than the findings of previous authors on ingestible food materials (Garcia-Rico et al.,
2007; Iwegbue et al., 2013a, 2015a).
The dietary intake of Co from the samples under study ranged from 0.000 – 0.044 µg/kg/bw/day for all scenarios.
The values for all categories were 100% less than recommended dietary allowance of 100 µg/day (Amidzic Klaric
et al., 2011; Iwegbue et al., 2013a, 2015a). This value translates to 1.43 µg/kg/bw/day for adults, 1.54
µg/kg/bw/day for under graduate, 2.86 µg/kg/bw/day for school children and 6.67 µg/kg/bw/day for infants, and
further lower than 0.1 µg/day recommended for adult by Prashanth et al. (2015).
The Mn concentration dietary intake for adults, under graduate, school children and infants ranged 0.02 – 1.133
µg/kg/bw/day. The values were lower than the daily requirement of 2000 – 5000 µg/day for adults (Prashanth et
