International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 196-205 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmec 20 3 large numbers in Honolulu, attacking papaya plantations and garden plants. The authorities in Hawaii launched an eradication operation as early as 1947, including manual collection and distribution of drugs, and even the use of prisoners to assist in the clearance, striving to declare the eradication once every two decades. But in reality, it was not completely eradicated. A small number of snails survived in remote corners and gradually regained their population. By the late 1960s, there were multiple outbreaks, and traces of snails were found on all the islands. With no alternative, the authorities introduced the rose Wolf snail as a biological control in 1955. However, as mentioned earlier, this led to the mass extinction of local tree snails, but had little control over A. fulica. Ultimately, Hawaii abandoned biological control and reverted to a control model mainly based on manual and chemical methods. The lesson from Hawaii is that biological control should be carried out with caution and not at the expense of local biodiversity. The positive experience is that even if eradication fails, continuous control still makes sense and at least protects major farmlands from devastating blows (Raut and Barker, 2002). 7.3 Rapid spread and control experience in Latin America As the largest country in Latin America, the invasion of A. fulica in Brazil was rapid and on an astonishing scale. This snail first appeared around 1988 and is presumed to have been brought to Parana State by Japanese merchants for consumption and breeding. After that, the aquaculture industry failed, and a large number of snails were abandoned in the wild and began to spread. Due to Brazil's diverse climate, suitable habitats can be found in almost all climate zones, from the subtropical zone to the equator. In just over a decade, snails have spread across most of Brazil: a survey in 2005 found that snails were distributed in 23 states. The government declared a national alert in 2005 and established an interdepartmental working group to coordinate the response. In major agricultural states such as Sao Paulo, the focus is on spreading pesticides around farmlands and orchards, and legislation is enacted to ban the trade of snails. The health department has also intervened, reminding the public to enhance food cleaning to prevent meningitis. The Brazilian experience emphasizes the combination of central policies and local implementation. National legislation provides a unified framework, and each state can adjust its strategy according to its circumstances. For instance, agricultural states focus on protecting farmland, while tourist states enhance the clean-up of scenic spots, etc. Meanwhile, the scientific and educational communities have played an important role (Silva et al., 2020; Cazarin-Oliveira et al., 2021; Rangel et al., 2024). 8 Concluding Remarks The African land snail (Achatina fulica), as an emerging global invasive pest, poses a serious threat to the stability of the ecosystem and agricultural production. Its typical "invasion-successful" characteristics - high fertility, wide adaptability and strong competitiveness - enable it to expand rapidly after breaking through geographical barriers, exerting a profound impact on biodiversity, ecological balance and human health. These hazards are mainly manifested as the replacement or extinction of local species, the destruction of vegetation and soil environments, the increased risk of pathogen transmission, as well as the reduction in crop yields and the decline in crop quality. They are particularly severe in islands and tropical regions and may even trigger ecological disasters and food crises. Although some countries (such as the United States) have basically prevented their entry through strict quarantine measures, in most of the invaded areas, achieving complete eradication is almost impossible. The current comprehensive prevention and control measures have to some extent slowed down the frequency and intensity of snail outbreaks, but they still face problems such as difficulty in early detection, side effects of chemical control, insufficient public participation and weak policy implementation. There is still a gap from completely eliminating the threat. Therefore, it is urgent to promote both technological innovation and social governance simultaneously and explore more efficient and sustainable management paths. Future prevention and control work should focus on five key areas: 1) Utilize environmental DNA and remote sensing technology to enhance monitoring capabilities and establish a global early warning network; 2) Develop new biological control methods, including ecological prevention and control measures such as the utilization of natural enemies and pheromone interference; 3) Develop highly efficient and low-toxicity snail-killing agents from natural sources and assess environmental risks; 4) Improve the legal system, strengthen public education,
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