Bioscience Methods 2015, Vol.6, No.3, 1-9
7
aphanidermatum
(Kumar and Hooda, 2007).
Trichoderma
viride
is economically important because of their
mycoparasitic ability which makes them suitable for the
application as biocontrol agent against soil borne plant
pathogenic fungi (Manczinger et al., 2000). The
effective
in vitro
screening test of
T. viride
was carried
out against
Rhizopus oryzae
and
Aspergillus flavus
pathoges of post harvest cassava (
Manihot esculents
Crantz.), root rot and reported that
T. viride
was most
promoting candidate for the biocontrol (Ubalua and
Oti, 2007). Growth of
Rhizoctonia solani,
a pathogen
involved in cotton seedling disease was inhibited by
the strains of
T. harzianum
and
T. longibracheatum
(Arsan-Amal et al., 2005). Strains of
T. koningii
were
used for their antagonistic nature against
Rhizoctonia
solani
under
in vitro
condition and inhibited mycelial
growth by producing toxic metabolites (Melo and
Faull, 2000). In the dual culture experiment evaluated
by Hajieghrari et al. (2008),
T. virens
and
T.
harzianum
inhibited the growth of soil borne
pathogenic fungi such as
R. solani, M. phaseolina,
Phytophthora cactorum
and
Fusarium graminearum
forming inhibition zone without physical contact between
them.
In vitro
antagonistic potential of
T. viride
against
Alternaria alternata
,
Ulocladium botrytis, Cladosporium
harbarum
,
Cephalosporiummadurae, Penicilliumchrysogonum
,
Fusarium oxysporum
and
Humicola grisa
were tested and
found that significant inhibition of radial growth of these
fungi in dual culture experiment (Abou-Zeid et al.,
2008).
Rajendiran et al. (2010) evaluated antagonistic effects of
T.
viride
on post harvest pathogens of fruit and vegetables
such as
Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, Fusarium
sp and
Penicillium
sp.
Trichoderma viride
inhibited the radial
growth of
A. niger
(55%),
A. flavus
(51%)
, A. fumigates
(52%)
, Fusarium
sp (64%) and
Penicillium
sp in dual
culture. The impact of isolates of
T. viride, T. harzianum
and
T.
virens
on soil borne fungal pathogens such as
R. solani, S.
rolfsii
and
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
were evaluated and
inhibitory effects were reported (Amin et al., 2010).
Reports on antagonistic potential of
T. harzianum
over
Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp.
vanilla
the stem rot
pathogen of vanilla was showed by Naik et al.
(2010).The isolates were found fully overgrown on all
corm rot pathogens of saffron (Hassan et al., 2011).
Trichoderma viride
was found to exhibit effective
antagonistic potentiality against
R. solani
(Giagole et
al., 2011).
5 Conclusion
Trichoderma
species can be used together with
compatible fungicides in the integrated disease
management towards the control of crop plants and
soil borne pathogens. It is possible to develop
Trichoderma
tolerant of chemical fungicides without
lack of antagonistic activity. The antagonistic nature
of
Trichoderma
species against pathogenic fungi were
evaluated under
in vitro
condition. It was observed that
growth of pathogenic fungi was reduced with respect to
radial growth and sporulation. The mycelium of
Trichoderma
species when comes in contact with the test
fungi it became fungistatic and the growth of test fungi were
retarded. The antagonism was exhibited with respect to
secretion of extra cellular enzymes, antibiotics and
competition related food and space. Pathogenic fungi
and
Trichoderma
species created competition and the
latter found to be dominant over the pathogenic fungi.
Mycoparasitic properties of
Trichoderma
species was
found to be the main reason responsible for their
antagonistic nature.
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankfully acknowledged to UGC, New Delhi for
financial assistance of major research project.
References
Abou-Zeid A. M., Altahi A D., and Abd El-Fattah R. I., 2008, Fungal control
of pathogenic fungi isolated from some wild plants in Taif Governorate,
Saudi Arabia. Mal.
J. Microbiol., 4(1):30-39.
Adenkule A.T.,Cardwell D.A., Florini and Ikotun T., 2001. Seed treatment
with
Trichoderma
species for control of damping off of cowpea caused
by
Macrophomina phaseolina
, Biocontrol Science and Technology
,
11:
449-457.
Amin F., Razdan V. K., Mohoddin F. K., Bhat K. A. and Bandey S., 2010,
Potential of
Trichoderma
species as biocontrol agents of soil borne
fungal propagules, Journal of Phytology, 2(10): 38-41.
Arsan-Amal A., Abd-Elsalam K.A., Omar M. R., and Aly A. A., 2005,
Antagonistic potential of
Trichoderma
spp against
Rhizoctonia solani
and use of M13 microsatellite-primed PCR to evaluate the antagonist
genetic variation, Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 112(6):
550-561.
Baker K.F., and Cooke R.J., 1974, Biological control of plant pathogens,
W.H. Freeman Press, San Fransisco.
Bell D.K., Wells H.D. and Markham C.R., 1982,
In vitro
antagonism of
Trichoderma
species against six fungal plant pathogens,
Phytopathology, 72, 379-382.
Benitez T., Rincon A.M., Limon M.C., and Codon A.C., 2004, Biocontrol
mechanism of
Trichoderma
strains,
Intl. Microbiol., 7(4):249-260.
