Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 294-302 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 299 Figure 2 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of microbial communities. Rhizospheric (A) and endophytic (B) bacterial communities. The 50% most abundant bacterial genera with 30% best axis fit are shown and colored according to their phylum (Acidobacteria = blue, Actinobacteria = black, Bacteroidetes = yellow, Chloroflexi = green, Patescibacteria = violet, and Proteobacteria = red). Rhizospheric (C) and endophytic (D) fungal communities (Adopted from Samain et al., 2023) 7 Conclusions and Outlook At present, many studies have pointed out that the intervention of rhizosphere microorganisms such as plant rooting bacteria (PGPR) and beneficial fungi can indeed improve the response of wheat to leaf spot disease. They not only enhance the growth vigor of the plants, but also induce systemic resistance, activating defense pathways (such as phenylpropanin metabolism), followed by changes such as increased lignification, upregulation of defense enzymes and accumulation of phenolic substances. These mechanisms perform relatively consistently in greenhouses and fields. Meanwhile, disease-resistant varieties seem to be better at recruiting beneficial microorganisms than susceptible varieties. Their rhizosphere communities are richer, their structures are more stable, and the complexity of their microbial networks is also higher. However, to be fair, not all field applications can guarantee stable effects. Some microbial preparations perform well in certain regions, but their effectiveness deteriorates significantly when the soil or climate is changed. This may be closely related to the genetic differences of the wheat varieties themselves, the competitive relationship of the original microorganisms in the soil, and the changes in environmental factors. Many experiments tend to focus on short-term performance, while neglecting whether these "foreign" microorganisms can stably exist in the soil for a long time after repeated inoculation. Not to mention, the mechanisms by which different microorganisms endow them with resistance are still far from being thoroughly studied.
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