Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 111-120 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 116 4.2.3 Special effects of rotation with green manure plants Green manure plants such as sesbania, sweet potato, and rapeseed have good disease prevention and soil conservation effects, especially in facility agriculture. Mason et al. (2023) found through the rotation of peppers and Indian mustard that their residues released isothiocyanate antibacterial substances during decomposition, which had a significant inhibitory effect on Phytophthora capsici, and the disease incidence rate decreased by 55%. In addition, soil organic matter increases significantly after green manure rotation, providing a resource basis for soil microbial diversity, allowing beneficial bacteria such as actinomycetes to quickly occupy ecological niches, thereby improving soil disease resistance (Gao et al., 2025). 5 Trends in Soil Health Indicators 5.1 Improvement of soil enzyme activity and organic matter Non-host plant rotation can not only effectively control the number of pathogen populations, but also fundamentally improve soil ecological functions by increasing soil enzyme activity and organic matter content. Studies have shown that in the tomato-arrowleaf rotation system, the activities of key enzymes such as urease, sucrase, and peroxidase in the soil are significantly improved (Feng et al., 2023). These enzymes are core indicators for judging soil biological activity, and their improvement represents enhanced soil microbial function and accelerated nutrient circulation. Li et al. (2023) pointed out that in the potato rotation system, with the increase of rotation years, the total organic carbon content and microbial biomass carbon in the soil have increased significantly. The complexity of the microbial community structure and the enrichment of key functional genes make the rotation soil score higher than the continuous cropping soil in multiple ecological function dimensions, showing stronger system stability and stress resistance. Adetunji et al. (2020) also pointed out in their review that crop rotation and cover crop systems can significantly promote soil enzyme activity, improve pH environment, and promote the colonization of beneficial microorganisms (such as AM fungi and actinomycetes), thereby establishing a soil "positive feedback" mechanism and enhancing disease suppression potential. 5.2 Changes in the number of pathogens and disease index The disease index is an important parameter for measuring the extent of field disease occurrence, reflecting the comprehensive relationship between pathogen population density and crop health status. Lyu et al. (2020) found that the disease index continued to decline in tomato and celery rotation plots for three consecutive years, from the initial 46% to below 20%, and the gene abundance of the Fusarium population decreased by more than 65%. In addition, in the tobacco-marigold rotation experiment, the incidence of root-knot nematodes decreased by 45% after one year of rotation, the quantitative value of the Ralstonia flora in the soil decreased significantly, and the number of antagonistic bacteria increased significantly (He et al., 2021). Cha et al. (2021) further pointed out that in soils with natural disease suppression, although pathogens still exist, they cannot constitute a colonization advantage, reflecting the ability of healthy soil to "endogenously" control pathogen reproduction through mechanisms such as microecological competition and metabolic inhibition. This phenomenon of pathogen groups being suppressed and antagonistic bacteria occupying ecological niches is also widely present in non-host plant rotation systems (Thakur et al., 2022; Li et al., 2024). 6 Case Analysis in Actual Production 6.1 Rotation practice in facility cultivation in North China In greenhouse facility cultivation in North China, due to the widespread continuous cropping of solanaceous crops in winter and spring, soil-borne diseases are frequent, and continuous cropping obstacles are particularly significant. Lyu et al. (2020) conducted a tomato-celery rotation experiment in a greenhouse in Hebei for three consecutive years and found that compared with the control group with continuous tomato planting, the incidence of wilt in the rotation group decreased by 58%, soil enzyme activity was significantly improved, and the number of antagonistic bacteria increased significantly.
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