Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.6, 265-274 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 268 long-term benefits to patients with advanced cancer (Epstein et al., 2023). The current overall guidelines recommend incorporating acupuncture, massage and reflexive therapy into the overall pain relief plan, although the quality of evidence for these therapies remains at a moderate level (Ge et al., 2022; Mao et al., 2022). Figure 1 Cancer pain relief effect network diagram (Adopted from Xie et al., 2025) 3.3 Comprehensive nursing methods and multidisciplinary collaboration for pain management The comprehensive nursing model is an important part of effectively managing non-pharmaceutical cancer pain. Multiple comprehensive analyses indicate that some nurse-led intervention methods, such as reflex zone massage, aromatherapy, acupoint compression, massage, acupuncture, etc., can significantly alleviate cancer pain and can be part of routine care (Yan et al., 2025). These methods are generally well accepted by patients and can be adjusted according to individual specific circumstances, which well reflects the patient-centered care concept (Pilafas and Lyrakos, 2022). In the process of providing and coordinating these intervention measures, nurses usually play a key role, thereby ensuring the continuity of the care process and the effectiveness of support. Effective cancer pain management increasingly emphasizes multidisciplinary collaboration, which usually requires the joint participation of oncologists, nurses, psychologists, rehabilitation therapists and family doctors, etc. Relevant guidelines recommend the adoption of an individualized "physiological-psychological-social" comprehensive model, combining drug and non-drug interventions to achieve more ideal analgesic effects and improve the quality of life of patients (Pilafas and Lyrakos, 2022). A multidisciplinary team can assist in a comprehensive assessment, jointly formulate treatment plans and coordinate nursing services, thereby addressing the complex and multi-factorial nature of cancer pain. Current research and guidelines are still continuously exploring how to integrate non-pharmacological therapies more smoothly into the conventional cancer treatment system (Ge et al., 2022; Mao et al., 2022). 4.Efficacy and Case Analysis of Non-Pharmaceutical Intervention 4.1 Clinical evidence of the effectiveness of non-pharmacological intervention in relieving pain Some studies have mentioned that non-pharmaceutical methods such as reflexology, aromatherapy, acupressure, massage and acupuncture can effectively alleviate the pain caused by cancer. A recent analysis that aggregated 17 randomized controlled trials involving a total of 1,070 patients showed that all the non-pharmacological care methods examined were more effective in relieving pain than conventional care, especially reflexology and massage, with particularly obvious and stable effects (Yan et al., 2025). This result was also supported by an expert group, who recommended the use of acupuncture, reflex therapy, acupressure and massage to treat general cancer pain and musculoskeletal pain, especially in palliative care or end-of-life care (Mao etal., 2022; Tian and Guo, 2025). At present, the integration of these therapies into regular pain management programs has been supported by an increasing amount of scientific research evidence.
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