Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.2, 98-105 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 102 provide useful information in real time during surgery or examinations, which is convenient for doctors and may also improve treatment outcomes (Figure 2) (Yamamoto and Shibahara, 2015; Coole et al., 2023). Figure 2 Clinician view during multimodal imaging (Adopted from Coole et al., 2023) Image caption: (a) View of the clinically suspicious area during widefield imaging; (b) View of the cancer risk map projected onto the oral cavity; (c) View of the imaging probe as it is translated across areas highlighted by the cancer risk map; (d) View of the final biopsy guidance map projected onto the oral cavity (Adopted from Coole et al., 2023) 5.2 Difficulties in the application of multimodal imaging technology Although multimodal imaging has many advantages, there are also many problems in practical applications. One major problem is that the equipment is expensive and complex. These systems typically require a lot of high-end hardware, are costly, and can be cumbersome to maintain (Tempany et al., 2015). In addition, doctors or technicians need to be specially trained to operate these devices, which also increases manpower and training costs (Thapa et al., 2022). Another problem is image data processing, which requires advanced software and algorithms to analyze a large amount of data generated by multimodal transport systems. Developing these automated analysis systems takes a lot of time and resources, and must be constantly improved to ensure reliable results (Yankeelov et al., 2014; Pande et al., 2016). 5.3 Obstacles to the clinical promotion of multimodal imaging technology There are also some practical problems in the application of modal imaging technology in clinic. One is the slow approval and certification process, where new technologies undergo rigorous safety and effectiveness testing before they are approved by regulators, a process that is often costly and time-consuming (Rosenkrans et al., 2020). In addition, the need to conduct large-scale clinical trials in different populations to verify the effect also leads to the slow progress of clinical application (Pierce et al., 2012).
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