Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, 2025, Vol.13, No.2, 98-105 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/cge 100 3.2 Basic application of traditional imaging methods such as MRI, CT and PET in oral cancer Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) are common medical imaging techniques that are also important in the diagnosis of oral cancer. MRI can take high-definition soft tissue images, which can be used to observe whether the tumor has spread to surrounding muscles, nerves and other parts, which is very useful (Quang et al., 2017; Boonstra et al., 2020). CT scans take cross-sectional images of the body and are often used to see if tumors have invaded bone or metastasized. PET can show the metabolic activity of cancer cells, especially when used in combination with CT (i.e. PET/CT), to better locate tumors, judge the effectiveness of treatment, and check for cancer recurrence (Malik et al., 2016; Shadfan et al., 2017). These traditional imaging methods, combined with the previously mentioned multimodal optical imaging technology, can help doctors more accurately determine the condition and develop a more appropriate treatment plan. 3.3 Functions and advantages of image fusion technology Image fusion is the combination of data from different imaging techniques to make a more complete infographic. The benefit of this is that the information provided by the different technologies can complement each other, allowing doctors to see a more complete picture. For example, CT or MRI can provide clear structural images, while PET or optical imaging can show functional changes of tissues or problems at the molecular level (Fatakdawala et al., 2013; Pande et al., 2016). In the diagnosis of oral cancer, image fusion can identify lesions more accurately. By combining fluorescence lifetime imaging with optical coherence tomography, chemical information and structural changes in tissues can be seen. This helps doctors distinguish which tissues are benign and which may be malignant, making more accurate judgments and choosing more appropriate treatments. When a doctor is performing an exam or surgery, image fusion can provide real-time information to the doctor, allowing the doctor to guide which sites can be biopsied to assess whether the treatment is effective (Pierce et al., 2012; Pal et al., 2020; Coole et al., 2023). 4 Application of Multimodal Imaging Technology in the Diagnosis of Oral Cancer 4.1 Application of single imaging in the diagnosis of oral cancer In the diagnosis of oral cancer, many single image techniques have been widely used. Each technology has its own characteristics and functions. Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm) To observe the biochemical components on the surface of tissues can help detect biochemical changes related to oral cancer (Fatakdawala et al., 2013). In addition, optical coherence tomography (OCT) can see structural changes in tissues, supplementing biochemical information (Pande et al., 2016). While each technology has its own role, the amount of information that can be obtained when used alone is limited. Each technology has its own limitations. Film can see changes in biochemistry, but it is less able to see changes in organizational structure. While OCT can see tissue structure, it cannot detect biochemical changes (Figure 1) (Pande et al., 2016) Researchers can combine several imaging techniques to gain a more complete understanding of oral cancer. 4.2 Combined application of multiple clinical imaging techniques In recent years, the combined application of multiple imaging techniques has achieved good results in the diagnosis of oral cancer. For example, by combining FLIm and OCT, biochemical and structural information can be seen simultaneously. This combination achieved diagnostic accuracy of 87.4%, significantly higher than either alone (Pande et al., 2016). The combined application of the technology can more clearly distinguish benign, pre-cancerous and cancerous tissues. The new system combines autofluorescence imaging and high-resolution endoscopy to generate cancer risk maps in real time, helping physicians select more accurate biopsy sites (Coole et al., 2023). The resulting cancer risk map can be projected directly onto the oral mucosa, making it easier for doctors to identify problems during examinations, contributing to early detection and accurate diagnosis of oral cancer.
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