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Journal of Energy Bioscience
8
Table 1 Potential availability of non edible seeds in India (Radhakrishna P., 2003)
S.N.
General name
Botanical name
Potential, million metric tonnes/Year
Oil content%
Seed
Oil
Cake
1
Karanja*
Pongamia pinnata
0.20
0.055
0.145
27~39
2
Jatropha*
Jatropha curcas
0.05
0.015
0.035
30~40
3
Kusum
Scheleichera oleosa
0.08
0.025
0.055
34
4
Neem
Azadirechta indica
0.50
0.100
0.400
20
5
Pilu
Salvadora oleoides
0.05
0.017
0.033
33
6
Tumba
Citrullus collocynthis
0.10
0.021
0.079
21
7
Sal
Shorea robusta
1.50
0.180
1.320
12~13
8
Mahua
Madhuca indica
0.50
0.180
0.320
35
9
Mango
Mangifera indica
0.50
0.045
0.455
7.5
The disposal of generated cakes as waste led to
environmental problems and indirectly effects cost for
bio diesel production. The development of non
edible oil seed plantations provided potential feed
stock to biodiesel industry and also resulted in
production of enormous quantities of seed cakes
(Anonymous, 2012).
Normally the fruits of biodiesel resources were with 50%
of seeds (kernels). Out of this maximum 35% could be
converted into vegetable oil and the remainder gets
rejected as toxic de-oxide seed cake. In fact 85% of
cultivated bio- resource remained unutilized and 60 000
tones of jatropha de oiled cakes production had been
estimated for 2007. The future scenario of the biodiesel
production from the non edible oil seeds required
extensive production of non edible oil seeds with time
(Ram et al., 2009).
In this review a major focus was given on seed
cakes of
Jatropha curcas
(Jatropha) and
Pongamia
pinnata
(Karanja) as those two crops had been
selected as major source of non-edible oil for
production of biodiesel in India by massive
plantation drive.
Jatropha and pongamia seed cake eneration
The extraction of jatropha oil for bio diesel production
was done normally by crushing dried Jatropha curcas
seeds as a whole in small scale screw press. The seeds
including shells having an oil content of about 35% by
weight and the oil extraction at most ranged between
25% to 30% by weight of the seeds (George, 2009). In
the processing of jatropha seeds for oil production
about 50% to 75% of the weight of seeds rendered as
seed cake (Staubmann et al., 1997; Singh et al., 2008).
In bio diesel industry depending upon the seed quality
normally 3 tons of seed cake was generated per ton of
bio diesel production (Mahajani, 2009). The content
of the 9%~12% of oil by weight influenced gross
energy value of seed cake approximately 18.2 MJ/kg
(Achten et al., 2008). The total solids of the seed
cake were volatile in nature and by obtaining one
tone of seed cake per hectare represent about 18.2
GJ of energy (Jingura et al., 2010).
In case of pongaima tree yielding of seeds was about
10 to 15 tons per hectare with an average of 160 kg
per year. The extraction was 0.25 kg of oil per kg of
seed, leaving seed cake (Osman et al., 2009) with the
calorific value of 14.3 MJ/kg (Raja et al., 2011). It
was estimated that 0.056 million tons of pongaima
seeds production against the potential of 0.20 million
tons per year.
Figure 1 shows the composition of Jatropha and
Pongaima Fruits. Out of 62.5% jatropha seeds around
25% to 30% of oil could be extracted and the
remaining rendered as jatropha seed cakes. In case of
pongaima fruit the seeds and shells were 50% of each
and out of 50% of pongaima seeds the pongaima oil
and seed cake generated were 35% and 65%
respectively. The figure indicated that through oil
extraction from these non edible seeds around
65% to 70% non edible seed cakes could be
generated.
Journal of Energy Bioscience