International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research
2012,
Vol.2, No.6, 22
-
24
http://ijmvr.sophiapublisher.com
22
Research Report Open Access
Clinical Efficacy of Allopurinol and Ketoprofen in the Treatment of
Urate Associated Urolithiasis in Bucks – Case Report
Ali Raza
1
,
Ghulam Muhammad
1
,
Asad Manzoor
1
,
Mansoor Ahmad
2
,
Misbah Ijaz
1
1.
Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan;
2.
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Corresponding author email:
ali_aliuaf@yahoo.com
;
Authors
International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2012, Vol.2, No.6 doi: 10.5376/ijmvr.2012.02.0006
Received: 03 Dec., 2012
Accepted: 23 Dec., 2012
Published: 28 Dec., 2012
This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article:
Ali Raza et al., 2012, Clinical Efficacy of Allopurinol and Ketoprofen in the Treatment of Urate Associated Urolithiasis in Bucks – Case Report, International
Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, Vol.2, No.6 22-24 (doi: 10.5376/ijmvr.2012.02.0006)
Abstract
Urolithiasis, the leading cause of urine retention in male goats is a painful, stressful and even life threatening condition.
The most common sites of urolithiasis in male sheep and goat are sigmoid flexure and urethral process. Owing to specialized
structures, the lodging of calculi at these anatomical sites presents several pitfalls in their surgical correction. The nature of the
calculi is generally a function of the diet and pH of the urine. Alkaline pH (pH>8.0) of the urine favors the formation of phosphate,
carbonate and struvite calculi while acidic urine (pH<7.0) predisposes the animal to urate and silicate calculi. Urate calculi are
found rarely in the urine of goats. The present report describes 2 clinical cases of urate associated urolithiasis in bucks that was
diagnosed on the basis of history, physical examination and urine analysis. The bucks were treated with allopurinol @ 10 mg/kg
of body weight PO, bid along with ketoprofen @ 3 mg/kg body weight IM sid for 3 days. Both the bucks recovered completely
with 3 days treatment.
Keywords
Sheep and Goat; Urine retention; Urate associated urolithiasis; Allopurinol; Ketoprofen
Introduction
Urine retention is defined as inability of animal to
empty its bladder which may be partial or complete.
Multiple causes including calculi, neoplasms, strictures
and atony of bladder may result in urine retention.
Obstructive urolithiasis is the most common urinary
tract disease in breeding rams and goats (Radostits et
al., 2007). The urethral occlusion due to calculi is
more common in males than females due to more
length of urethra (Samal et al., 2011).
There are different types of urine stones including str-
uvite, calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate, calcium pho-
sphate, silica, uric acid, cystine and tyrosine crystals
(
Samal et al., 2011). Alkaline pH (pH>8.0) of the urine
favors the formation of phosphate, carbonate and stru-
vite calculi while acidic urine (pH<7.0) predisposes
the animal to urate and silicate calculi (Pugh, 2002).
Urolithiasis is diagnosed on the basis of careful hist-
ory, clinical signs and physical examination. The hist-
ory must include diet history, water intake, water
mineral contents, previous problem and duration of
the problem. The urine analysis may also indicate
presence of crystals, change in pH (acidic or alkaline)
and change in color of the urine (Pugh, 2002).
Even though almost all the calculi are amenable to
surgical intervention, in a considerable proportion of
operated animals, post-surgical complications like ure-
thral stricture (Samal et al., 2011; Kinjavdekar et al.,
2005)
may ensue. Treatment with antispasmodics and
tranquilizers leading to relaxation of retractor penis
muscles with straightening of the sigmoid flexure is
useful only in a few cases (Radostits et al., 2007).
Dictated by the pH of the urine, urinary acidifiers (e.g.
ammonium chloride) or urinary alkalizers (e.g. sodium
bicarbonate) can be used to treat urinary calculi
(
Samal et al., 2011). Animals with urate crystals and
urate calculi are candidate for treatment with allopu-
rinol (Bishop, 2008). Reports on the use of this agent
are extremely scanty. The present communication des-
cribes the successful treatment of urate associated