Basic HTML Version
International Journal of Marine Science 2014, Vol.4, No.65, 1-7
http://ijms.biopublisher.ca
7
phosphate average concentration at this station was
0.19 mg.L
-1
above the quality standard for coral (0.15
mg.L
-1
). This group is dominated by the branching
coral Acropora.
Third group
includes TGL2 station,
the identifier is the type of substrate and nitrate.
Subtract type is sandstone (70%). This was followed
by nitrate concentrations about 0.156 mg.L
-1
, has been
above standard quality for coral (> 0.008 mg.L
-1
)
(Tomascik et al., 1997).
2.2 Discussion
In Pongok waters, soft corals were more diverse than
Tegal waters, but the percentage cover of soft corals in
the Tegal waters is high than Pongok waters. Number
of soft coral species in the two locations is lower than
Ambon and Seram waters, Maluku, Indonesia
(Manuputty and Ofwegen, 2007), and Derawan waters,
East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Manuputty, 2010). It is
thought to relate to the condition of physical and
chemical parameters in the both waters. Such as,
turbidity levels found slightly higher in Pongok waters,
but still within tolerable limits for coral growth. In
addition, the current speed at the site is quite strong in
Pongok waters than in Tegal waters. Current function
as a supplier of food for the coral and waste
circulation (Fabricius and Alderslade, 2001).
The concentration of nutrients includes nitrate and
phosphate in all stations fulfill quality standard for
coral life. Compared to Pramuka Island waters of
Jakarta, in most of location, subtrate types were
generally sandstone. It is good for coral growth due to
its hard and rough condition (Handojo, 2006).
3 Conclusions
Pongok Island and Tegal Island water have different
physical-chemical characteristics. Percent cover of
soft corals were dominate (16.2-36.3%) in Tegal
Island waters compered to Pongok Island (4.6-6.4%),
but the type of soft coral found in Pongok waters more
diverse (6 species) compered to Tegal Island (2
species). Based on PCA, the factors of identifier for
type and soft coral distribution were depth, current,
turbidity and nutrients.
References
Allen G.R., and Steene R., eds., 1996, Indo-Pasifik Coral Reef Field Guide,
Tropical Reef Research, Singapore, pp.378
Arafat D., 2009, Soft coral growth (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea)
Lobophytum
strictum
and
Sinularia dura
and gonadal development
Sinularia dura
as a result of artificial fragmentation in Pramuka Island, Kepulauan
Seribu, Jakarta, Thesis for M.S., Bogor Agricultural University,
Supervisor: ZAMANI, N. P. & WINARTO, A., 45-46
Birkeland C., eds., 1997, Life and death of coral reefs, Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg, Dordrecht and New York, pp.536
Brower J.E., and Zar J.H., eds., 1984, Field & laboratory methods for
general ecology, W.C. Brown Publishers, pp.226
English S., Wilkinson C., and Baker V., eds., 1994, Survey Manual for
Tropical Marine Resources, Australian International Development
Assistance Bureau (AIDAB), Townsville, pp.368
Fabricius K., and Alderslade P., eds., 2001, Soft Corals and Sea Fans: A
comprehensive guide to the tropical shallow-water genera of the
Central-West Pacific, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, Australian
Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Twonsville MC, pp.272
Fabricius K.E., Cooper T.F., Humphrey C., Uthicke S., De'ath G., Davidson
J., Legrand H., Thompson A., and Schaffelke B., 2012, A bioindicator
system for water quality on inshore coral reefs of the Great Barrier
Reef, Mar Pollut Bull, 65: 320-332. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.004:
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.004
Gomez E.D., and Yap H.T., 1988, Monitoring reef condition, p.281, In:
KENCHINGTON, R. A. & HUDSON, B. E. T. (eds.), Coral reef
management hand book, Jakarta,
Handojo K.K., 2006, Distribution and Habitat Preference of Demospongiae
Class Sponges at Thousand Islands of Jakarta, Thesis for M.S., Bogor
Agricultural University, Supervisor: SOEDHARMA, D. & EFFENDI,
H., 31-32
Legendre P., and Legendre L., eds., 1998, Numerical Ecology, Elsevier
Science, Amsterdam, pp.852
Manuputty A.E.W., eds., 2002, Karang lunak (soft coral) perairan Indonesia,
LIPI Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi, Jakarta, pp.91
Manuputty A.E.W., 2010, Sebaran karang lunak, marga Sinularia May, 1898
(Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) di pulau-pulau Derawan, Kalimantan Timur,
Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia, 36: 211-225.
Manuputty A.E.W., and Ofwegen L.P.V., 2007, The genus Sinularia
(Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) from Ambon and Seram (Moluccas,
Indonesia), Zool. Med. Leiden, 81: 187-216.
Nybakken J.W., eds., 1982, Marine Biology: an Ecological Approach,
Harper and Row, New York, pp.446
Odum E.P., eds., 1971, Fundamentals of ecology, W.B Sounders,
Philadelphia, pp.574
Suharsono, 1995, Indonesian Coral Reefs Condition and Value, p.1-5, In:
VENEMA (eds.), Report of the Workshop on the Estimation of the
Potential Marine Resources of Indonesia, Jakarta, In press
Suharsono, eds., 2010, Jenis-jenis karang di Indonesia, LIPI Press, Jakarta,
pp.372
Tomascik T., Mah A.J., Nontji A., and Moosa M.K., eds., 1997, The
Ecology of the Indonesian Seas, Part Two, Periplus Edition, Singapore,
pp.1388
Veron J.E.N., eds., 2000, Corals of the World, Australian Institute of Marine
Science, Townsville, pp.1382
Wolanski E., eds., 2000, Oceanographic processes of coral reefs: physical
and biological links in the Great Barrier Reef, CRC Press, Townsville