Basic HTML Version
International Journal of Marine Science 2014, Vol.4, No.5: 61-66
http://ijms.sophiapublisher.com
63
positive economic growth rates. In the first quarter
2009, Indonesia achieved 6.2% growth, but in the last
quarter it was lower at 5.2% (Tambunan, 2010).
Therefore, there has been increasing quantity in
mollusk production from 2009 to 2010 and forth.
Mollusk aquaculture have grown rapidly since the
early 1980, especially for Green Mussel and Blood
Cockles (Unar et al., 1982; Putro, 2007). Data
available at FAO showed that aquaculture production
still only uses marine water as culture media and the
record data about mollusk aquaculture production just
started in 2002 (Figure 3).
Figure 3 Indonesian Mollusk Production by Aquaculture
(2002-2011)
Note: Source: FAO Fishstat Plus
By species, mollusk production by aquaculture during
the last ten years was dominated by penguin wing
oyster, followed by marine mollusks nei, and pearl
oyster shells nei, in terms of quantity (Table 1). But,
pearl oyster shells nei is the largest production in
value terms, accounting for 79.63% of the total
aquaculture production value of Indonesia, followed
by penguin wing oyster (20.15%) and marine
molluscs nei (0.22%).
3.2 Realizing of mollusks economic value in Indonesia
Export is one of component of national income. It is
because gross domestic product is made up of
consumption, investment, government spending and
export less import, thus an increase in exports would
have a positive effect on national income, with the
assumption that all other variables constant. In the
term natural resources, main reasons for which a
country may able to export its natural resources
because the country is abundant with those natural
resources which do not entirely use and the products
from these natural resources are highly demanded. As
a result, this paper uses exports as an indicator in
examining the economic value of mollusks.
Table 1 Indonesian Mollusk Production by Aquaculture and Species (1950-2011)
No
Species
Quantity (tons)
Value (thousands US dollars)
1
Marine molluscs nei
2,871
1376.7
2
Pearl oyster shells nei
912
497,998.7
3
Penguin wing oyster
202,822.4
126,050.4
Note: Source: FAO Fishstat Plus
Mollusks are scattered throughout Indonesian waters
that can be used as commercial products to fulfill
domestic markets and exports. Clusters of mollusks
such as blood clams (
Anadara
spp), mussels (
Meterix
spp
,
Mytilus
spp), and scallops (
Amusium
spp) are
common in the east coast of Sumatera, while oyster
(Crassostrea spp), and turtles (
Chelonia
spp) are
common in the west coast of Sumatera (Sitohang,
1988; Putro, 2007). Along the north coast of Java
there is also mollusk resources such as blood clams
(
Anadara
spp), mussels (
P. viridis
), and “moon
scallops” (
Amusium
spp) (Putro, 2007). Meanwhile in
the waters of Eastern Indonesia (Lombok, Sumbawa,
Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua) many abalone (
Haliotis
asinina
L) (Setyono, 2004) can be found.
According
to
“Small Business Financing
Pattern”
(n.d.), southern
sea pearl cultivation is found in West Nusa Tenggara
(NTB), Lampung, Irian Jaya, Sulawesi, and
Halmahera. Additionally, cultivation of escargot is
common in East Java, Bogor (West Java), North
Sumatera and Bali (Prihatman, 2000).
The use of mollusks, according to Dharma (2010), has
been used since prehistoric times in Indonesia.
Dharma said that although mollusk has not been
named yet at that time, Indonesian people still have
been known to exploit a number of mollusks for
multiple purposes, such as currency, ornament,
furniture and religious symbols. The evidence can be
seen from the discovery of shell fossil records in the
prehistoric caves. At present, Indonesia is one of main
exporters of mollusk products in the world, especially