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International Journal of Marine Science 2013, Vol.3, No.27, 212-218
http://ijms.sophiapublisher.com
213
and increasing of tissue volume (Arnot and Gobas,
2006). Bioaccumulation can be used for environmental
pollution monitoring since there was a correlation
between bioaccumulation capacity with polluted
environment or waste concentration. Both biosorption
and bioaccumulation can be applied to reduce
contaminant from the effluent (Chojnacka, 2009).
Microalgae are microscopic lower plants that have an
important role in aquatic ecosystem as the largest
primary producers and source of oxygen (Priyadarshani et
al., 2011). Microalgae were good biosorption due to
functional ion that able to bound ionic metal,
especially carboxyl, hydroxylamine, sulphudrile
immadazole, sulphate, and sulphonate that located on
the cell wall (Volesky, 2007); easily found in a big
amount, low operational cost, minimum sludge, and
no need additional nutrition (Wang and Chen, 2009).
However, microalgae has weaknesses due to a small size,
low mass index, and easily degraded by microorganism.
Many researches had been conducted for the use of
microalgae for environmental remediation, such as
bioaccumulation of Cd by
Tetraselmis chuii
and
Spirulina maxima
(Costa and Franca, 2003);
biosorption of Pb, Cd, Hg by
Microcystis aeruginosa
(Chen et al., 2005), biosorption Cd, Cr, Cu by
S
pirulina
(Chojnacka et al., 2005); bioaccumulation of
Pb and Cd by
Chladophora
(Lamai et al, 2005);
biosorption of Cu by
Chlorella vulgaris
(Al-Rub et al.,
2006); the application of
Chlorella vulgaris
to
remediate textile wastewaters
(Lim et al., 2010);
bioremediation of Hg, Cd, Pb by
Dunaliella
(Imani et
al., 2011); toxicity, transformation and accumulation
arsenic in
Scenedesmus
(Bahar et al.
,
2012); Zn and
Pb resistance of two ecotype
Eustigmatos
sp.
(Trzeinska and Pawlik-Skowronska, 2012); Cr
6+
bioremediation efficiency of
Oscillatoria
(Miranda et
al.
;
2012). However, researches on the use of
Porphyridium
for remediation were still limited.
Preliminary study had shown, that
Porphyridium
had
a potential to use in heavy metals bioremediation
(Soeprobowati and Hariyati, 2012).
P. cruentum
(S.F.Gray) Nägeli
is the primitive micro
red algae that can be found to live in variety habitats
such as sea water, fresh water, or on the surface of
moist soil that form a reddish layer, but prefer to live
in a saline habitat. The red color of
P. cruentum
is
coming from phycoerythrine pigment, its big
chloroplast is surrounded by sulphate polysaccharide;
single cell but able to form colonies (Arrad, 1992).
P.
cruentum
had been used for antiviral (Huleihel et al.,
2001).
P. cruentum
had also been used for nutrition
source, particularly of polysaccharides, unsaturated
fatty acids, carotenoids, and phycobiliproteins. The
phycobiliproteins
content were phycoerythrin,
R-phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin that were
affected by sodium bicarbonate (Velea et al., 2011).
P. cruentum
consisted of proteins (28%~39%),
polysaccharides (40%~57%) and lipids (9%~14%)
subsumed into dry algal mass (Velea et al., 2011);
phycobiliproteins, exopolysaccharides, long-chain
polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids (zeaxanthin,
tocopherol, etc.) and vitamins (Wang et al.,
2007;
Huang and Chen, 2005). The biomass (w/w) contains
of 32.1% available carbohydrates, and 34.1% crude
protein. 100 g dried
P. cruentum
biomass contains of
4,960 mg Ca; 1,190 mg K; 1,130 mg Na; 629 mg Mg
and 373 mg Zn. A short residence times in the
bioreactor, the biomass were rich in protein and
eicosapentaenoic acid (Fuentes et al., 2000).
P. cruentum
was qualified for bioremediation due to
the absence of toxic production, easily to be cultured,
ability to grow in extremes of salinity, pH, and
temperature, rapid grow in defined media, ability to
achieve a high population, and easily of harvesting
(Wilde et al., 1988).
P. cruentum
is promising for
bioremediation of heavy metals since it provides
double solution to overcome environmental pollution
and energy alternative.
P. cruentum
had a higher
tolerance for the agitation than
Phaeodactylum
tricornutum
. The cell damage was related to the
rupture of small gas bubbles at the surface of the
culture. An increase of agitation rate had reduced the
bubble size to produce damaging (Sobczuk et al.
,
2006).
1 Result and Discussion
P. cruentum
tolerated to a high concentration of heavy
metal, as seen in Figure 1. After a second peak
population growth on day of nine, it seems that the
concentration of 5 mg/L Pb had reduced population
growth, meanwhile the lower concentration tent to
increase its population. This trend was similar to Cd
and Cu treatments. On the concentration of 1 mg/L Cu
had induced
P. cruentum
population growth, however,