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International Journal of Marine Science 2013, Vol.3, No.27, 212-218
http://ijms.sophiapublisher.com
212
Research Article Open Access
Bioaccumulation of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Cr by
Porphyridium cruentum
(S.F. Gray)
Nägeli
Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati , Riche Hariyati
Department of Biology, Faculty Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Tembalang - Semarang, Indonesia
Corresponding author email: trsoeprobowati@yahoo.co.id
International Journal of Marine Science, 2013, Vol.3, No.27 doi: 10.5376/ijms.2013.03.0027
Received: 03 Apr., 2013
Accepted: 02 May, 2013
Published: 02 Jun., 2013
Copyright
©
2013 Soeprobowati and Hariyati, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article:
Soeprobowati and Hariyati, 2013, Bioaccumulation of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Cr by
Porphyridium cruentum
(S.F. Gray) Nägeli, International Journal of Marine
Science, Vol.3, No.27 212
-
218 (doi: 10.5376/ijms.2013.03.0027)
Abstract
The red microalgae
Porphyridium cruentum
(S.F. Gray) Nägeli
usually was used as feeds, a pigment for food and
cosmetic, and antiviral activity that might be became industrial interest. Similar to another microalgae,
P. cruentum
has an ability to
remediate heavy metals pollution, however research on it still limited. This research was conducted in order to find out the
accumulation of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu on the
P. cruentum.
A laboratory experiment were developed with different concentrations. Based
on this research,
P. cruentum
with the treatment of 1 mg/L had reduced higher Cu, Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations rather than 3 and
5 mg/L concentrations, respectively. This was also similar to the BCF, that in day 8 in order of Cu > Cr > Cd > Pb, respectively;
however, in day 15 was Cu > Pb > Cd > Cr. The length of treatment influenced BCF value.
P. cruentum
was good for bioremediation
of heavy metal pollution, with the advantage of the short of accumulation time.
Keywords
Bioaccumulation; Heavy metal;
Porphyridium cruentum
; Microalgae; Bioremediation; BCF
Introduction
The concentration of heavy metals in the environment
tend to increase due to the industrial development.
Heavy metals is a trace element with the density of ≥
3 g/cm
3
, which on the low concentration was required
by organism, but toxic in the higher concentration for
physiological organism (Banvalvi, 2011). One of the
water pollution problem in Indonesia was heavy
metals, particularly Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd),
Chromium (Cr) and Cooper (Cu) that often exceeded
the Water Quality Standard for drinking water,
agriculture and/or fisheries (Soeprobowati et al., 2001;
Soeprobowati et al., 2012). Heavy metals in the
environment cannot be degraded and tent to
accumulate in the organism. This heavy metals
pollution can be solved by bioremediation technique.
Bioremediation is the clean up process of the
environment biologically from polluted materials by
organism that can be done
in-situ
or
ex-situ
of polluted
sites (Crawford and Crawford, 2005). In the earlier
development, bioremediation only applied microbes,
furthermore, it is more wider application of organism
to remediate freshwater, marine, even terrestrial
ecosystems. Bioremediation offer effectiveness, low
cost and low impact on ecosystem rather than physical
and chemical remediation (Leung, 2004). Phytoremediation
was more effective and efficient compare with
bacteria-based remediation due to no need oxygen and
less odor problem (Dwivedi, 2012). Microalgae have
potential use to sink or to remove some toxic
substances such as heavy metal by accumulate, adsorb
or metabolize into substantial level (Priyadarshani et
al., 2011). Phycoremediation (remediation that use
microalgae) has advantages to remediate heavy metal
since these microalgae can be used as fertilizer after
remediation process (Riesing, 2006) or biofuels
(Priyadarshani et al., 2011; Kumar et al., 2013); the
low cost, simple and flexible in the application, and
low maintenance (Emienour, 2012). The disadvantages of
using microalgae for heavy metal remediation were
require of energy for drying when using dead
microalgae, need to be immobilized, and has limited
application in the batch systems ( Brinza et al., 2007).
Bioaccumulation is an absorption process of chemical
compound from the environment by organism through
respiratory surface and dietary uptake, and chemically
elimination process through respiratory exchange, fecal
egestion, chemical parent substance biotransformation,