International Journal of Marine Science, 2017, Vol.7, No.15, 130-140
131
Chile and Peru. Denmark and Norway supply about 12 percent of global fishmeal. This is primarily from North
Sea sandeel (
Ammodytes marinus
). While, China which is the world's top fishmeal consumer, it produces only 6
percent of the world’s production from Sardine, Japanese anchovy, and chub mackerel (Merino et al., 2010).
Table 1 Top 10 aquaculture producers and main groups of farmed species in 2014 (FAO, 2016)
Major
producers
Finfish
Molluscs Crustaceans Other aquatic
animals
Total aquatic
animal
Aquatic
plants
Total aquaculture
production
Inland
aquaculture
Marine/coastal
aquaculture
China
26029.7
1189.7
13418.7 3993.5
839.5
45469.0
13326.3
58795.3
Indonesia
2857.6
782.3
44.4
613.9
0.1
4253.9
100770
14330.9
India
4391.1
90
14.2
385.7
4881.0
3.0
4884.0
Viet Nam
2478.5
208.5
198.9
506.2
4.9
3397.1
14.3
3411.4
Philippines 299.3
373
41.1
74.6
788.0
1549.6
2337.6
Bangladesh 1733.1
93.7
130.2
1956.9
1956.9
Republic of
Korea
17.2
383.4
359.3
4.5
15.9
480.4
1087.0
1567.4
Norway
0.1
1330.4
2.0
1332.5
1332.5
Chile
68.7
899.4
246.4
1214.5
128
1227.4
Egypt
1129.9
7.2
1137.1
1137.1
Note: unit: thousand tonnes
Figure 1 Map of global aquaculture production in 2013 (Béné, 2006)
Concerns are being raised about the negative consequences on world fishmeal production of overfishing. Fishmeal
demand is likely to surpass the world’s supply by 2050. The continued aquaculture expansion is one of the main
reasons for such increase in fishmeal demands (Halweil, 2008). Fish feeds are the highest recurring cost in fish
farming. It comprises from 30 to 70 percent of the variable costs (Muzinic et al., 2006). Increasing fishmeal cost,
irregular supply, decreasing availability, and poor quality of fishmeal have put forward highlighting on its partial
or complete substitution with other alternative protein sources (Ramachandran and Ray, 2007). Currently, a lot of
studies have been conducted to assess the partial or complete substitution of fishmeal in feed diets for tilapia with
less expensive as well as locally available plant and animal protein sources (Fasakin et al., 2005; Borgeson et al.,
2006; Gaber, 2006; Goda et al., 2007; Schuchardt et al., 2008; Soltan et al., 2008; Ali et al., 2008; Metwally and
El-Gellal, 2009; Mohammad and Abdel-Tawwab, 2011; Labib et al., 2012; Abo-State et al., 2014; Hassan et al.,
2015; Labib et al., 2015; Yones and Metwalli, 2015; Sharawya et al., 2016; Al-Asgah et al., 2016; Abdel-Warith et
al., 2016). The review in hands aims to appraise the diverse types of fishmeal substituents and draw attention to
the most proper alternatives in fish diets.
