International Journal of Marine Science, 2017, Vol.7, No.15, 130-140
136
composition of fish. Furthermore, the algal inclusion did not impair the health of Atlantic salmon. It is evident
from the physiological indexes, molecular markers of inflammation and intestinal micromorphology.
2.9 Economic evaluation of fishmeal alternatives
Although some of the protein sources explained earlier probably leads to considerable decrease in fish
performance, they still may be more cost effective than standard, costly proteins fishmeal. However, only a
comparatively few studies have been measured both economic and biological estimation of dietary protein sources.
These studies noticed that different sources such as cottonseed meal (El-Sayed, 1990), corn gluten feed and meal
(Wu et al., 1995) animal by-product meal (Rodriguez-Serna et al., 1996; El-Sayed, 1998) and brewery waste
(Oduro-Boateng and Bart-Plange, 1988) may be used as total fishmeal substitutes for tilapia even though they
produced relatively minor biological performance. So, in order to get additional econonomically sustainable,
environmentally friendly, and feasible production, research interests has been going towards the estimate and
make use of unconventionally protein sources (Oduro-Boateng and Bart-Plange, 1988; Abo-State, 2014).
Certainly, more research work in required in conjunction with this line.
3 Conclusion
Aquaculture is a significant player in human nutrition and global food supply, especially for poor people.
Intensification of aquaculture production has made its demand for fishmeal from small pelagic fishes as an
increasingly socioeconomically and environmentally important issue. Therefore, partial or complete substitution
of fishmeal with less costly, locally accessible protein sources may be inevitable. By reviewing the current status
of global aquaculture, fishmeal production and its contribution in fish feeds, and the different types of fishmeal
alternatives, it was found that the inclusion of fishmeal alternatives in aquafeeds represents a number of problems
which take account of the occurrence of anti-nutritional factors, reduced digestability, issues of palatability,
reduction in fish growth an performance and resource use conflicts. On the other hand, still they could be more
cost/effective than standard, expensive proteins; fishmeal. Researchers should start to evaluate the economic
feasibility and optimum usage of novel proteins as fishmeal substitutes. Furthermore, improvement of local raw
materials to be used in fish feed formulation is also highly recommended.
It is concluded that the idea of managing dynamic ecosystems throughout elastic, adaptive, ecosystem based
management systems is getting enormous support (
Garcia and Cochrane, 2005)
. Sustainability of natural
resources and ecosystem services rely on how community can responds to ecosystem alterations resulted from
mutual climatic and utilization patterns, rather than on their individual effects per se. In this respect, finding
different types of novel sustainable protein sources has grown to be a major drive in the aquaculture industry
consecutively to decrease dependence on fishmeal as the foremost protein component in aqua feeds (Hardy, 2010).
Authors' contributions
Naglaa F. Soliman and Mahmoud A. Hassaan participated in the sequence alignment and drafted the manuscript. Dalia M. M. Yacout
participated in the final version of manuscript and data collection. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This research work is part of a research project sponsored by the IDRC Canada for establishing Alexandria Research Centre for
Adaptation to Climate Change (ARCA).
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