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International Journal of Horticulture 2014, Vol.4, No.9, 44
-
49
http://ijh.biopublisher.ca
44
Research Report Open Access
Cayenne Pepper, Sweet Pepper and Long-cayenne Pepper Oil Extracted with
Different Solvents as Fumigant Entomocide against
Sitophilus zeamais
Infestation
Mercy Olayinka Oni
Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704 Akure, Nigeria
Corresponding author email: mercyyinka2007@yahoo.com;
Authors
International Journal of Horticulture, 2014, Vol.4, No.9 doi: 10.5376/ijh.2014.04.0009
Received: 08 Apr., 2014
Accepted: 15 Apr., 2014
Published: 22 Apr., 2014
Copyright
© 2014 Oni, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article
:
Oni, 2014, Cayenne Pepper, Sweet Pepper and Long-cayenne Pepper Oil Extracted with Different Solvents as Fumigant Entomocide against
Sitophilus zeamais
Infestation, International Journal of Horticulture, 2014, Vol.4, No.9 44-49 (doi: 10.5376/ijh.2014.04.0009)
Abstract
N-hexane, ethanol and acetone extracts of cayenne pepper, sweet pepper and long cayenne pepper were used as fumigant
under laboratory at ambient temperature of (28±2)˚C and (75±5)% relative humidity against infestation of
Sitophilus zeamais
on
stored maize. The fumigant toxicity of the extracts were tested at dosage of 0.5 ml, 1.0 ml, 2.0 ml, 5.0 ml and 10.0 ml and their effect
was observed on the adult mortality and emergence as well as the ability of the insects to cause seed damage and weight loss.
Regardless of the solvent used for the extraction of the peppers, cayenne pepper extract significantly effect high weevil mortality than
other extracts. The n-hexane extract of this pepper was the only extract that achieved 100% mortality even at lowest dosage (0.5 ml)
and it’s effect was significantly (p<0.05) different from other extracts. None of the extract was able to prevent adult emergence, seed
damage and seed weight loss; nevertheless, their effect was significantly different from the controls. The ability of cultivars of
Capsicum
spp
.
against
S. zeamais
was rated as cayenne pepper>long cayenne pepper>sweet pepper while they were rated based on
the solvent used for their extraction as n-hexane extract>ethanol extract>acetone extract. Therefore, the n-hexane extract of the three
peppers could be introduced into pest management techniques since
Capsicum
spp.
used showed high insecticidal effect and they
were medicinal in nature. Nevertheless, n-hexane extract of cayenne pepper was recommended as fumigant for effective control of
S.
zeamais
in storage.
Keywords
Capsicum
spp.
Sitophilus zeamais
; Adult emergence; Seed weight loss; Seed damage
Introduction
Agriculture is the backbone of development of any
nation. It plays a vital role in the survival of the world
ever-increasing population. However, the protection of
agricultural produce requires more attention as it is
required for their production because of various losses
that occur after harvest. Post-harvest losses are
directly proportional to the backwardness of a nation
as food insecurity will increase (Ashfaq et al., 2003).
Insect attack alone have been noted to be one of the
major threat that is enfeebling the food security of the
world especially in the developing countries where
most of their farmers are illiterate and government
intervention is low. For example, Dubey et al.
(2008)
noted that 5%~10% losses of stored grains in the
temperate countries and 20%~30% in the tropical
zones are due to insect attack alone.
Maize grain been one of the major staple food of the
world from which carbohydrate, protein, fats, vitamin
B and minerals can be derived has been attack by wide
range of insects pest including coleopteran and
lepidopteran (Ashamo, 2007; Oni 2011; Akinneye and
Ogungbite, 2013; Ileke and Ogungbite, 2014). Taylor
(1971) reported that
Sitophilus zeamais
infestation is
about 8%~10% before harvest and continues until
about 30%~50% of the grain is damaged after six
months in storage. For years, the control of this insect
pest and other store product insect pests has
profoundly relied on the use of synthetic chemical
insecticides which are associated with many cons that
is encumbering their use nowadays. The public
awareness of the cons of synthetic chemical
insecticides has called for search of other alternatives
that could contend with chemical insecticides in
action.
Plant kingdom have been relied upon as new
thoroughfare of controlling stored products insect
pests as many of them contain myriad of secondary
compounds that could have toxic effect against insects
(Zibaee, 2011). Moreover, in spite of effectiveness of
many well-known botanical insecticides used as
protectants of stored grains, they have some effects
that are thwarting their acceptability among
consumers. Such effects include change in colour and
taste of the protected grains as well as unpleasant
odour pose by these botanicals (Begum et al., 2013).
Therefore, an acceptable method of application of
botanical pesticides is of great deal to the