International Journal of Marine Science 2016, Vol.6, No.35, 1-8
1
Research Article Open Access
Marine Cyanobacterium (
Synechocystis salina
) as Supplementary Feed for
Shrimp (
Penaeus monodon
)
Kollimalai Sakthivel
, Kandasamy Kathiresan
Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai – 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
Corresponding author email
International Journal of Marine Science
2016, Vol.6, No.35 doi
Received: 28 Oct., 2015
Accepted: 02 Oct., 2016
Published: 05 Oct., 2016
This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article
:
Sakthivel K. and Kathiresan K., 2016, Marine Cyanobacterium (
Synechocystis salina
) as Supplementary Feed for Shrimp (
Penaeus monodon
), International
Journal of Marine Science, 6(35): 1-8 (doi
Abstract
Marine cyanobacterium
Synechocystis salina
was tested as a supplementary feed for the shrimp
Penaeus monodon
. The
feed increased average length of the shrimp significantly (
p
<0.05) by 16.95%. The feed decreased significantly the consumption
(37.14%), fecal output (19.64%), assimilation (44.04%), metabolism (73.78%) and assimilation efficiency (10.68 %) in the shrimp.
However, the feed increased the gross conversion efficiency (45.75%) and net conversion efficiency (63.19%) in the shrimp, whereas
the feed decreased the conversion efficiency (30%) and food conversion ratio (42.81%) in the shrimp. The feed significantly
increased levels of carbohydrate (30.6%) and lipid (12.5%) in the shrimp. The results suggested that
Synechocystis salina
was a
suitable supplementary feed to the shrimp
Penaeus monodon
, based on higher gross conversion efficiency and biochemical
constituents and lower food conversion ratio.
Keywords
Penaeus monodon
; Marine Cyanobacteria;
Synechocystis salina;
Supplementary feed; Food conversion ratio
Introduction
Aquaculture is the fast growing sector in the global food production (Subasinghe et al., 1998) due to the
combination of a strong increasing demand for seafood products and depletion of fish stocks in the world’s oceans.
Asia produced 80% of fish production at the rate of $ 38.855 billion (FAO, 1996). About 70% of fish production
in China alone was through aquaculture in the year of 2002 (FAO, 2002). The world population consumed about
16% of animal protein, derived from fish and the fish is the main source of animal protein for about one billion
people worldwide. Consumption of fish in the worldwide increased from 40 million tons during 1970, to more
than 130 million tons during 2000. Further, an additional 40 million tons of seafood will be required by 2030
(FAO, 2000).
Protein-rich alternative feed ingredient is needed for better aqua feeds. An ingredient species has certain
properties such as easy to handle shipping and storage, wide availability and competitive price. A number of
species has been tested as alternative protein sources, such as single cell proteins, animal by-products including
bacterial single cell proteins and microalgae (El-Sayed, 1994; Mazurkiewicz, 2009). It has been found that the
algae can be used to improve the color, flavor and quality of aqua feeds. It is cultivated and commercialized
worldwide due to its nutritional characteristics including high concentration of protein (~65%), vitamins and
minerals salts (Sakthivel and Kathiresan, 2015). A number of works have tested the utilization of microalgae in
the diet of aquaculture species (Allam, 2007; Tredici et al., 2009; Ayoola, 2010; Guedes and Malcata, 2010;
Robin, 2012; Koye, 2013, Abdulrahman, 2014). Some of the reports revealed the beneficial growth or survival
effect of different algal diets in shrimp culture systems (Behanan, 1990; Albentosa et al., 1997). High dietary
protein of marine algae provides best growth for juveniles (Knuckey, 2001).
Cyanobacteria are used as food supplement because of their biochemical composition and easy digestibility. A
number of studies have documented the nutritional excellence of dried cyanobacterial diets in shrimp and fish
(Allam, 2007; Ayoola, 2010; Koye, 2013; Wood et al., 1991; Subramanian et al., 1992; Palaniselvam and
Kathiresan, 1998; Sivakumar et al., 2011; 2014). Studies have shown that diets containing fish-based ingredients
