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International Journal of Marine Science 2013, Vol.3, No.13, 105-110
http://ijms.sophiapublisher.com
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3 Discussions
3.1 PAHs in Marunda and Blanakan sediments
In Marunda and Blanakan ponds, the components of
PAHs consisted of non-branched or non-alkylated
PAHs. PAHs that were detected composed of 2, 3 and
4 benzena ring. It showed that sediment at Marunda
ponds were already contaminated with petroleum and
pyrogenic PAHs resulting from fuel combustion
(Zhang et al., 2004; Boehm, 2006; Bouloubassi et al.,
2006). The PAHs compounds detected in Marunda and
Blanakan ponds were compounds that considered as
primary pollutant according to US EPA (Boehm, 2006).
The contamination of petroleum at Marunda ponds
(located closed to Jakarta Bay), occured because
Jakarta Bay is used as cross-nation transportation for
fishermen boats, ships and tanker from many offshore
rig’s companies under Pertamina Authority of
Kepulauan Seribu (Salim, 2000). Oil contamination
can reach to the coastal/land areas through the tides
action of seawater. In addition, it was also caused by
human activities such as the use of leaded gasoline for
their vehicles and oil/lubricant that are discharged to
the sea. Moreover, industrial activities also contribute
for the contamination. Range of total PAHs
concentrations in Marunda sediment were lower
compared to the result obtained by Zhang et al (2004)
at surface sediment on mangrove areas of Deep Bay,
China. The range of PAHs found were 238 ng/g up to
726 ng/g dry weight. On the other hand, Gogou et al
(2000) found that concentration of PAHs total at
sediments of Cretan Sea were 14.7 ng/g up to 161.5 ng/g.
This showed that concentration of total PAHs in
Marunda ponds were between concentration found in
China and Cretan Sea.
PAHs compounds that were detected in Blanakan
ponds probably derived from agricultural activities that
discharge their wastes to Cilamaya River closed to
Blanakan ponds. Other source is coming from
fishermen boat using leaded gasoline. Value range of
total PAHs concentrations in Blanakan sediment
obtained at concentrations lower than obtained by Hu
et al (2010) that ranged from 140.6~300.7 ng/g on
sediments of Bohai Bay, North China.
Based on statistical analysis, it seemed that in both
locations Marunda and Blanakan ponds there were no
differences on PAHs concentration. Even though,
Blanakan ponds were far away from industrial area, but
there are housings and agricultural activities (paddy
fields, horticulture and aquaculture). According to Neff
(1979), persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like PAHs,
are truly multimedia contaminants which occur in all
parts of the environment: atmosphere, inland and sea
waters, sediments, soils and vegetation (Wild and
Jones, 1995; Wania and Mackay, 1996) not only from
places closed to industrial areas, but also ones in
remote/far away from industrial activities.
3.2 PAHs in the meat and gills
Chanos chanos
in
Marunda and Blanakan
Components with the highest concentrations of total
PAHs in the meat and gills of Milkfish in Marunda is
Naphthalene. Naphthalene characterized by abenzene
ring number 2. This suggests that the meat and gills of
Milkfish in Marunda mainly contaminated by
petroleum (Zhang et al.,
2004; Boehm, 2006;
Bouloubassi et al., 2006). Milkfish meat has also been
detected by the component PAHs with number of
benzene rings 3 and 4, which are derived from
petrogenik and pyrogenik. This indicates the influence
of high human activity around the location of the
research, such as residential, agricultural, industrial
and ship activity in the sea.
Concentrations of total PAHs in fish obtained in
Marunda generally still low when compared to other
research. Other studies have shown that it contains
total PAHs in various biota as found by Tolosa et al
(2005) in the gulf of Oman and the fish
Ephinephelus
coioides
(the orange-spotter grouper) with a
concentration range of 11.8~115 ng/g and
Lethrinus
nebulosus
(Spangled Emperor) with a concentration
range of 5.60~43.4 ng/g. Manan et al (2011) also
found concentrations of total PAHs in aquaculture fish
(red
fish,
Lutjanus
erythropterus
;
grouper,
Epinephelus areolatus
and
Mycteroperca tigris
,
promfret,
Pampus argentius
) at Straits of Malacca,
Malaysia ranged 130.26~9610.31 ng/g.
4 Data and Methods
4.1 Sampling time and location
Sediment samples collection was carried out using
Ekman Grab in January-March 2012, at Marunda
Ponds, North Jakarta and Blanakan, Subang, West Java
(Figure 3). Only 5~10 cm of sediment surface taken for
PAH analysis. Fish samples were collected from each
pond using fish net. Sediments and fishes collected