Basic HTML Version
International Journal of Aquaculture, 2014, Vol.4, No.11 67
-
72
http://ija.biopublisher.ca
71
Table 4 Results of Phytochemical Screening of
P. fraternus
Leaves Powder
Phyto-constitutes
P. fraternus
Saponins
+
Tannins
+
Flavonoid
-
Salkowoski (glycosides)
-
Kelakellani (glycosides)
+
Phlabatanins
-
Alkaloids
+
Note: +Presence of Secondary Metabolite, -Absence of
Secondary Metabolite
3 Discussion
The use of botanicals for the control of insect pests of
stored products is an ancient practice. Although this
may be the first attempt to screen the plant for
insecticidal properties and the result obtained from
this study revealed that
P. fraternus
was found to be
effective against larval stage of
D. maculatus.
The
result is in agreement with many other researchers on
the use of botanicals against suppression of
D.
maculatus
infestation on smoked-dried fish (Onu and
Baba, 2003; Adebote et al., 2006; Abdullahi et al.,
2011; Abdullahi et al., 2012; Mufutau, 2012; Ahmed
et al., 2013). The study clearly indicated that the
higher dosage level of both treatments were the most
effective in the application rates compared to the
untreated control. The low adult mortality of F1
generation of
D. maculatus
could be as a result of high
mortality of late instar larvae resulting from the
toxicity effect exhibited by the plant powder. The
emergence of F1 adult from all the treated dishes can
also be attributed to the hairness of larvae which
prevent direct contact of the powder on the body
surface of the larvae as compared to the adult with
smooth cuticle (Kemabota et al., 2013).
The higher percentage of weight loss recorded in
untreated fish suggests that the larval stage of the
beetle is more destructive than the adult (Nwankwo et
al., 2011). Alam (2004) reported that if
D. maculatus
are left undisturbed, they can consume all the flesh
and soft tissue of dried fish until only bone and some
hard tissue remain. The larvicidal activity of
P.
fraternus
may be attributed to the presence of
bioactive constituents present in the plant. Rastogi and
Mahrotra, (1990) reported that
P. fraternus
possesses
following chemical constituents—phyllanthin,
hypophyllanthin, niranthin, nirtetralin, phyltetratralin,
kaempferol- 4- rhamnopyranoside and erio dictylol – 7-
rhamnopyranoside etc. these bioactive agents could
possess among other pharmaceutical properties, a
depolarizing neuromuscular blocking action which
could result to the death of insect (Udoh et al. 1999).
The study indicated that
P. fraternus
exhibited toxic
effect against larvae of
D. maculatus
causing
significant mortality and suppressed adult emergence
and weight loss compared to control. The use of
P.
fraternus
among poor resource fish farmers,
processors and marketers should be advocated since
the plant is widely distributed and used among rural
folks for its ethno medical importance.
Acknowledgement
The technical assistance rendered by Miss Adeseila Omobola
Comfort of Science Laboratory Technology Department, Rufus
Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria in collecting the
data needed for this study is highly appreciated by the authors.
References
Abolagba O. J., Igene J. O., and Usifoh C. O., 2011, Studies of Pesticide
Residues in Smoked Catfish (
Clarias Gariepinus
) in Nigeria: Some
Health Implications. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,
5(5): 496-502
Abdullahi N., Auwai B., Bello and Yushau, 2011, Laboratory efficacy of
Nutmeg (
Monodora myristica
) powder against the beetle
Dermestid
maculatus
(Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on treated smoked catfish
(
Clarias grariepinus
) in Kano State of Nigeria. International Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Applied Science, 2(1): 52-55
Abdullahi N., Ubayi S.M., and Babura S.R., 2012, Determination of the
effect of
Zingiber officianale
and
Allium sativum
powder on the
mortality of
Dermestid maculatus
larvae on treated dried
Claris
gariepinus
fish. International Journal Applied Research and
Technology, 1(3), 129-133
Adebote D.A., Abolude D.S., Oniye S.J., Olododo S.S., and Hassan M.M.,
2006, Larvicidal and repellant action of
Detarium microcarpum
seed
oil against larvae of
D. lardarius
(Coleoptera:Dermestidae) in dried
Clarias gariepinus
fish. Journal of Entomology,
3: 248-253
Adedire C.O. and and Lajide L. 1999, Toxicity and deposition deterrence of
some plant extracts on cowpea storage bruchid,
Callosobruchus
maculatus
Fabricius. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection,
106 (6):
647-653
Adedire C.O., Obembe O.M., Akinkurolere R.O., Oduleye S.O., 2011,
Response
Callosobruchus maculatus
Fabricius (Coleoptera:
Chrysomelidae: Bruchidae) to extracts of cashew kernels. Journal of
Plant Diseases Protection, 118(2): 75-79
Adesina J.M., Ofuya T.I. and Afolabi L.A. 2012, Insecticidal activity of
Secamone afzelii
(Schult) K. Schum powder in the control of
Stiphilous
zeamais
(Mots) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Agricultural
Technology, 8(1): 117-124
Ahmed H., Ahmed K. N., Khanom and Noor P. 2013, Damage Potential and
control measures of
Necrobia rufipes
(De Geer) (Coleoptera: Cleridae)
on dry fish with plant materials. Bangladesh Journal of Science and
Industrial Research, 48(1): 19-24
Alam M. S. 2004, Effect of gamma radiation on the developmental stages of
N. rufipes
(De Geer) infesting stored dry fishes. University Journal of