Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 257-265 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 258 This study reviews the global impact of viral diseases on potato production, with a focus on epidemiological trends and economic consequences. It discusses the molecular basis of resistance gene-mediated defense, including the latest progress in gene discovery and biotechnology applications, and outlines the current challenges and future development directions in the deployment of resistance genes. Focus on the integration of new technologies and addressing climate-driven threats. By advancing research on resistance genes, this study aims to contribute to global food security and the resilience of potato production systems in response to evolving viral threats. 2 Major Potato Viruses and Their Infection Mechanisms 2.1 Characteristics and impact of key viruses: PVY, PVX, PLRV, etc. Potato Y virus (PVY) is the most headache-inducing type for growers. The losses it causes are not just numerical - yellowing leaves, mottled leaves, necrosis, and growth stagnation - these symptoms immediately reveal the problem. Especially the necrotic strains such as PVYNTN and PVYN-Wi are more virulent and troublesome (Manasseh et al., 2023). While PVX is relatively milder, it still cannot be taken lightly. Solitary infection is still acceptable, but once combined with other viruses, the synergistic effect becomes a disaster, and the output can sometimes drop by 80% (Gajimuradova et al., 2023). PLRV is also a common "partner", usually mixed with other viruses to cause illness, which is unfavorable for both quality and yield (Kenzhebekova et al., 2025). However, the epidemic situation varies from region to region. Mixed infections are the norm and more difficult to control. 2.2 Virus infection process: from entry and replication to systemic spread Viruses entering potatoes are not always as violent as a "home invasion robbery". They might be brought in by aphids, such as PVY and PLRV. It could also be due to accidental mechanical propagation during operation, such as PVX (Figure 1) (Bhoi et al., 2022). Once inside, they will shed their shells and start replicating. Then it spreads through intercellular filaments and then spreads throughout the entire plant with the help of the phloem. Like coronaviruses, they rely on the TGB1 protein, which can cooperate with the plant's own stress sensing mechanism to help the virus spread over long distances (Cowan et al., 2018). However, environmental factors are not just for show. For instance, temperature can influence the replication rate of viruses and the severity of symptoms (Glushkevich et al., 2022). Figure 1 Interaction between potato and potato virus Y depicting incompatible and compatible resistance and susceptibility reaction in different potato varieties (Adopted from Bhoi et al., 2022)
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