Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 294-302 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 297 phosphorus and iron, which can often be enhanced through inoculation. The activities of soil enzymes involved in nitrogen fixation and iron chelation tend to increase accordingly (Shi et al., 2022; Francioli et al., 2025). These biochemical changes will eventually manifest as higher biomass and stronger resistance of plants. From the perspective of soil, the maintenance of pH balance and the control of acidification trends are also closely related to these enzyme and nutrient dynamics (Figure 1) (De Cassia Mesquita Da Cunha et al., 2024). So, inoculating microorganisms does not merely enhance any single indicator, but rather through a series of changes, it brings both the soil and crops closer to a "healthier" direction. Figure 1 Co-occurrence network analysis of the prokaryotic and fungal communities in bulk soil and rhizosphere of common bean inoculated with different bacterial strains based on the 16 S rRNA and ITS genes (Adopted from De Cássia Mesquita Da Cunha et al., 2024) 5 Molecular Mechanisms of Root-Mediated Regulation of Leaf Spot Resistance 5.1 Transcriptomic changes in roots and activation of defense signaling pathways Sometimes, before a plant encounters leaf spot disease, its roots have already initiated a series of responses in advance. Plant hormone signals such as salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are often activated from the roots. Interestingly, in some crops treated with specific beneficial bacteria, the root system can preregulate genes related to stress response, defense or trauma, and even the choice of rootstock can affect this activation pathway (Liu et al., 2024; Songsaeng et al., 2024). These transcriptome alterations do not seem to be a single-directional regulation but rather an overall remodeling. In fact, they are part of the establishment of systemic resistance, especially in the arrangement of immune defense lines against leaf pathogens.
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