Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 294-302 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 295 function of the rhizosphere microbiome, introduces the experimental research on microbial amendments, and finally summarizes the insights for future disease management practices. This research is conducive to deepening the understanding of the interaction mechanism between rhizosphere microorganisms and plant immunity, providing a theoretical basis for the development of sustainable wheat disease management strategies based on microecological regulation. 2 Theoretical Basis of Rhizosphere Microbial Regulation of Plant Defense 2.1 Composition of the rhizosphere micro-ecosystem and microbial communities Around the root system of a plant, it is not a quiet soil but an extremely active small ecosystem - this is the rhizosphere. It is not solely maintained by the plants themselves. Bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and even archaea all make their home here. The combination of these microorganisms is rarely random. Most of them are jointly influenced by plant root secretions, the surrounding environment and the interaction among microorganisms, gradually forming a relatively stable community (Ge et al., 2023; Muhammad et al., 2025). In this community, some members are particularly beneficial to plant growth, such as microorganisms that can enhance nutrient absorption or "good neighbors" that can inhibit harmful bacteria. Of course, the microorganisms attracted by different plants are also different. Figuring out how they "coexist peacefully" with each other is a key step in promoting the implementation of sustainable agriculture (Qu et al., 2020). 2.2 Mechanisms of disease suppression by beneficial microbes (e.g., actinomycetes, Bacillus subtilis) Not all rhizosphere microorganisms are helpless against pathogens. Some, such as actinomycetes or Bacillus subtilis, are just the opposite; they have a rather strong ability to intervene in diseases. Their "tactics" are not limited to one: they can secrete antibacterial substances, seize nutrients and space resources first, and even guide plants to activate their own immune mechanisms. That is to say, they can both go into battle by themselves and act as "coaches" to guide plants to improve their resistance (Lazcano et al., 2021; Li et al., 2021). In addition, they often improve the overall growth state of plants, such as making nutrients more easily absorbed and reducing external stress. These seemingly indirect forms of assistance are actually reducing the chances of disease occurrence in a disguised way. 2.3 Comparison of induced systemic resistance (ISR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) triggered by rhizosphere microbes When it comes to the immune strategies of plants, many people's first thought is that they only "respond" after the pathogen invades. In fact, there is another way to "prepare for the future", such as induced systemic resistance (ISR). It does not require the presence of pathogens on site. As long as certain pro-biogenic bacteria (PGPR) are stationed in the rhizosphere, it can initiate defense through the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways (Bukhat et al., 2020). In contrast, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a typical "post-event type", requiring the pathogen to infect first and then induce a series of disease-related proteins through the salicylic acid pathway (Salwan et al., 2023). Both resistance mechanisms are effective, but they are initiated in different ways. ISR is more like a plant "training itself well", while SAR is more like "preparing for war only when an enemy invades". Although they rely on different signaling systems, they do not conflict with each other. Instead, they complement each other in the overall immune system of plants (Wang et al., 2025). 3 Signal Interactions Between Wheat Roots and Foliar Diseases 3.1 Key factors in root-to-leaf signaling pathways Plant disease resistance is not a matter of any single organ fighting alone. For field crops like wheat, once pathogens invade, the roots and leaves actually communicate with each other. Among them, several plant hormones are particularly crucial, such as jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ET). They do not each manage their own affairs but often collaborate with each other and even work in coordination - although JA and SA often correspond to different resistance mechanisms, there are also times when they overlap. For instance, when the roots encounter nematodes or come into contact with beneficial microorganisms, the levels of JA and SA will change, and as a result, the defense ability of the upper leaves will also be enhanced (Shi et al., 2022; Boamah
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