Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 257-265 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 263 7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives In recent years, the breeding of potato virus resistance has actually advanced quite rapidly, especially in the discovery and application of resistance genes such as Rysto, Ryadg, and Rx. With them, problem viruses like PVY and PVX are no longer so troublesome in some varieties. It is precisely with the help of these resistance genes, along with the accelerated intervention of molecular markers and genotyping technologies, that marker-assisted selection has transformed from an "idea" into a "tool", making the introduction and superposition of resistance less complicated. Nowadays, RNA interference, transgenic techniques, and CRISPR/Cas systems have also come in. The toolbox is indeed getting larger and larger, and the resistance spectrum is gradually broadening. However, there are still some problems, especially the situation where resistance disappears without a trace is not uncommon. Some virus strains mutate at an extremely fast rate, and a single resistant gene often cannot withstand them. Especially when a resistant variety is planted in large numbers and too concentrated, the risk will be magnified. Furthermore, the genetic basis of potato varieties themselves is not broad, which instead leaves a breakthrough for pathogens. Moreover, even if resistance is introduced, there are sometimes situations where "it works well on this variety but not so well on that one", mainly due to the background of the host. Another reality is that the acceptance of gene editing and genetic modification in some regions is still relatively low, and their promotion will also encounter problems such as policies or public awareness. When it comes to the next step, to make resistance more stable, gene aggregation is an inevitable direction - putting multiple resistance genes together is always better than fighting risks alone. Precision breeding methods, whether genomics, gene editing, or in combination with high-throughput phenotypic analysis, are gradually providing practical and feasible paths for this kind of aggregation. Of course, genetic resistance is not a panacea. In the future, the strategy for potatoes to resist viruses may have to shift from "individual combat" to "multi-line coordination", and measures such as strengthening vector management and optimizing field cultivation methods also need to keep pace. Meanwhile, it is necessary to continue to explore new resistance genes from wild germplasm, verify their functions and develop corresponding molecular markers. These fundamental tasks still need to be advanced continuously in order to truly enable resistance breeding to go far and stand firm. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all teachers and colleagues who provided guidance and assistance during this research, and for the peer review's revision suggestions. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors confirm that the study was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships and could be interpreted as a potential conflict of interest. References Adilbayeva K., Kenzhebekova R., Mendybayeva A., Kapytina A., and Gritsenko D., 2025, Induced RNA interference and its impact on potato virus amplification in plants, Bulletin of the l.n, Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Bioscience Series, 150(1): 22-38. https://doi.org/10.32523/2616-7034-2025-150-1-22-38 Akai K., Asano K., Suzuki C., Shimosaka E., Tamiya S., Suzuki T., Takeuchi T., and Ohki T., 2023, De novo genome assembly of the partial homozygous dihaploid potato identified PVY resistance gene (Rychc) derived from Solanum chacoense, Breeding Science, 73: 168-179. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.22078 Asano K., and Endelman J., 2023, Development of KASP markers for the potato virus Y resistance gene Rychc using whole-genome resequencing data, bioRxiv, 73(2): 168-179. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.12.20.572658 Bhoi T., Samal I., Majhi P., Komal J., Mahanta D., Pradhan A., Saini V., Raj N., Ahmad M., Behera P., and Ashwini M., 2022, Insight into aphid mediated potato virus Y transmission: a molecular to bioinformatics prospective, Frontiers in Microbiology, 13: 1001454. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1001454 Biryukova V., Shmiglya I., Zharova V., Beketova M., Rogozina E., Mityushkin A., and Meleshin A., 2019, Molecular markers of genes for extreme resistance to potato virus Y in Solanum tuberosum L., Cultivars and Hybrids, Russian Agricultural Sciences, 45: 517-523. https://doi.org/10.3103/s106836741906003x
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