Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 207-216 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 208 conclusions. For areas such as potato and solanaceous crop virus resistance mechanisms, where research results are abundant but the results may be heterogeneous, it is of great significance to conduct meta-analysis. 2 Main virus Types and Hazards in Potato and Solanaceous Crops 2.1 Overview of common viruses Potato and solanaceous crops are susceptible to a variety of viruses, some of which are globally prevalent and cause severe losses. In potatoes, PVY is one of the viruses with the highest detection rate and the most serious harm. A survey of some potato producing areas in China showed that the PVY positive rate was as high as 94%, covering almost all samples. The detection rates of PVS and PVA have also reached approximately 50% and 44% respectively, with PVA reported to be prevalent in Guizhou, China, and PVS in Henan and Jilin provinces for the first time (Ding et al., 2021). Another important virus is PLRV (Potato Leaf Roll Virus), which can cause plant leaf curling and tuber corking and is considered one of the most devastating viruses in potatoes. In addition, pathogens such as mild mosaic virus (PVM) and spindle tuber tuber virus are also common in potatoes. In tomato crops, prominent threats include Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV), which can cause yellowing and curling of leaves and stunted fruit development, and is widely prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions (Rashid et al., 2021); Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) can infect tomatoes, peppers, etc., causing mosaic leaves and necrotic spots; Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) is spread through thrips, causing chlorotic rings and wilting on tomatoes and peppers. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), pepper mosaic virus (PepMoV), potato virus Y (PVY), etc. are common on peppers. PVY can also cause leaf mottled and deformed leaves on peppers (Xu et al., 2024). 2.2 Physiological effects of viral infection Virus infection has many adverse effects on plant growth, development and physiological metabolism. Systemic spread of viruses in plants can lead to impaired photosynthesis and nutrient transport disorders. Secondly, virus infection often induces source-sink relationship imbalance, resulting in decreased tuber or fruit yield. Studies have shown that leaf curl diseases caused by PLRV and others can significantly reduce the starch content of potato tubers. Premature plant senescence caused by viruses such as PVY and PVM also reduces tuber enlargement time and ultimately reduces yield (Manasseh et al., 2023). Virus infection can trigger plant defense responses and hormone signaling disorders. When some defense responses are too strong, they can cause damage to themselves. Typically, TMV infection of tobacco induces strong salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defense, but is accompanied by large-scale necrotic spots on leaves, inhibiting normal growth. Studies have found that the damage to the host caused by the virus is often more severe during mixed infection. For example, PVX infection alone can cause 10% to 40% yield loss, but when combined with PVA, the yield loss can be as high as 80% (Li et al., 2013). 2.3 Prevention and control difficulties and research bottlenecks The prevention and control of viral diseases in solanaceous crops has always been a difficult problem in the field of plant pathology, which is mainly reflected in the following aspects: lack of specific agents. Unlike bacterial and fungal diseases, there is currently no broad-spectrum and efficient agent for plant viruses. Virus detection and diagnosis are complex. Potato and solanaceous crops may often be infected with multiple viruses at the same time, and field symptoms are atypical, posing challenges to accurate diagnosis. Virus mutation and resistance persistence. The virus has a high mutation rate and recombination ability, and it is easy to produce new strains or recombinants and break through the original resistance of the variety. Multiple infections and synergistic effects, there are often multiple virus complex infections in the field, aggravating disease symptoms and making prevention and control more complicated. There may be synergy or competition between different viruses, posing difficulties in resistance assessment and mechanism research. 3 Overall Framework of Plant Virus Resistance Mechanisms 3.1 Non-specific immune response (PTI) mechanism PTI is the first line of defense of plant innate immunity, which is triggered by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) sensing pathogen-associated patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated patterns (DAMPs). In antiviral immunity, although plant virus particles often parasitize within cells and do not have clear PAMPs recognized by cell surface
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