Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 236-245 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 243 examples demonstrate that environmental conditions can modulate plant immune pathways, resulting in changes in the efficacy of disease resistance genes. Soil nutrients and microbiome may also influence disease resistance. Some studies have found that high nitrogen fertilizer levels often increase host susceptibility to diseases, because abundant nitrogen sources not only facilitate the reproduction of pathogens, but also weaken the role of the JA pathway in plant defense (Xu et al., 2019). Differences in the composition of soil microorganisms in different regions may also be a potential factor causing the different performance of the same genetic variety in different places. 7.2 Impact of climate change on rice disease prevalence and resistance Global climate change is profoundly affecting the occurrence pattern of agricultural diseases and the development of plant disease resistance. For rice diseases, factors such as rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns and frequent extreme weather may lead to new trends in disease prevalence. First, rising temperatures directly affect the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria and the host's resistance response. Many studies have pointed out that higher average temperatures will shorten the life cycle of M. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae and promote their spore germination and infection speed. Second, changes in precipitation and humidity significantly affect disease prevalence. More frequent heavy rainfall and floods are conducive to the long-distance transmission and field spread of rice blast, bacterial blight, etc., while long-term drought may inhibit the occurrence of some leaf diseases but promote some root diseases (Nath et al., 2023). In addition, climate change may also lead to changes in the geographical distribution of diseases. For example, some diseases that are traditionally limited to the tropics may expand to temperate zones with global warming; conversely, some diseases in cool and cold areas may overwinter and spread under warm winters. 7.3 Risks and management strategies for continued utilization of resistance genes Long-term planting of the same disease-resistant gene in large areas will exert strong selective pressure, prompting the pathogen to evolve into ineffective strains, creating a "resistant risk." Risk reduction strategies include rotation and hybridization - replacing different resistance genes across years and fields, mixed planting in strips, using resistant strains as barriers to weaken pathogen adaptation; gene aggregation - multiple genes with complementary mechanisms in the same variety, so that the pathogen requires multiple mutations to break through, significantly extending the resistance life; regional layout - delineating functional areas based on small species monitoring and dynamically replacing varieties; mechanism research - assessing the cost of effector mutation, giving priority to the promotion of Rgenes with "high breakthrough costs", and cautiously using "low cost" genes alone in large areas. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all teachers and colleagues who provided guidance and assistance during this research, and for the peer review's revision suggestions. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors confirm that the study was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships and could be interpreted as a potential conflict of interest. References Ashkani S., Rafii M.Y., Shabanimofrad M., Miah G., Sahebi M., Azizi P., Tanweer F., Akhtar M., and Nasehi A., 2015, Molecular breeding strategy and challenges towards improvement of blast disease resistance in rice crop, Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 886. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00886 Devanna N.B., Vijayan J., and Sharma T.R., 2014, The blast resistance gene Pi54 of cloned fromOryza officinalis interacts with Avr-Pi54 through its novel non-LRR domains, PLoS ONE, 9(8): e104840. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104840 Fu C., Wu T., Liu W., Wang F., Li J., Zhu X., Huang H., Liu Z., Liao Y., Zhu M., Chen J., and Huang Y., 2012, Genetic improvement of resistance to blast and bacterial blight of the elite maintainer line Rongfeng B in hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) by using marker-assisted selection, African Journal of Biotechnology, 11: 13104-13114. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.1465
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