Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 171-181 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 179 In addition, disease-resistant varieties can also reduce the quality and harvest losses caused by diseases and improve the effective supply of food. When bacterial stripe disease and white leaf blight occur severely, not only does the yield be damaged, but the quality of rice and harvesting progress are also affected (such as early harvesting to reduce maturity). After the application of disease-resistant varieties, the quality and harvesting period of rice are guaranteed, which will help improve the quality and quantity of commercial grain supply. This is particularly important for rice export-oriented regions and can enhance international market competitiveness (Ellur and Khanna, 2025). 7.3 Economic and environmental benefits analysis The economic and environmental benefits generated by the large-scale application of disease-resistant varieties are also significant. From the perspective of economic benefits, farmers can save a lot of prevention and control costs. Secondly, disease-resistant varieties directly increase farmers' grain output and income by reducing yield losses and improving stable yields. From the perspective of environmental benefits, disease-resistant varieties are of great significance to the improvement of the agricultural ecological environment by reducing pesticide application. The chemical prevention and control of bacterial diseases usually requires the use of copper preparations, streptomycin, etc., which can easily cause pollution to soil and water bodies and may also inhibit beneficial microorganisms in farmland. The application of disease-resistant varieties has greatly reduced farmers' dependence on such pesticides, which not only saves costs, but also prevents excessive pesticides from entering the environment. This is very beneficial for maintaining the balance of rice field ecosystems. Disease-resistant breeding itself promotes the progress of agricultural science and technology, and the application of its results also brings social benefits. Through the promotion of disease-resistant varieties, farmers are more likely to accept new agricultural science and technology and concepts, and improve the level of scientific farming. By supporting disease-resistant varieties, the government has saved some funds for disaster relief and prevention and control subsidies, and can invest resources in areas that need more support. Acknowledgments Thank you to Dr. Kora Li for his technical support in data analysis and visualization, and also thank the members of the research team for their discussions and suggestions during the paper writing. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Bharani M., Nagarajan P., Rabindran R., Saraswathi R., Balasubramanian P., and Ramalingam J., 2010, Bacterial leaf blight resistance genes (Xa21 xa13 and xa5) pyramiding through molecular marker assisted selection into rice cultivars, Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 43: 1032-1043. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235400802285471 Cao J., Zhang M., Xiao J., Li X., Yuan M., and Wang S., 2018, Dominant and recessive major r genes lead to different types of host cell death during resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae in rice, Frontiers in Plant Science, 9: 1711. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01711 Ellur R.K., Khanna A., Yadav A.K., Magdum S., Maurya S.K., Vinod K.K., Balamurugan A., Prakash G., Mondal K., Krishnan G., Nagarajan M., Velayudhan P., Bhowmick P., Haritha B., and Singh A., 2025, Development of dual disease resistant Basmati rice varieties offer significant economic advantage and impetus to sustainable crop production, Journal of Advanced Research, 2: 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.02.014 Gupt S.K., Pant K.R., and Bastola B.R., 2021, Response of rice genotypes to bacterial leaf streak caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola an emerging threat in Nepal, Fundamental and Applied Agriculture, 6(4): 349-358. https://doi.org/10.5455/faa.88960 Han Z., Huang D., Wang M., Xie H., and Wang J., 2024, First report of bacterial leaf streak of rice caused by Pantoea ananatis in Guangdong Province China, Plant Disease, 108(6): 1881. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-24-0421-PDN He.W.A., Huang D.H., Liu L.C., Chen Z.L., Zhang Z.X., and Meng Y., 2010, Inheritance of resistance to bacterial leaf streak in four accessions of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.), Digital Library, 40: 180-185.
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