Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 171-181 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 174 which recognizes specific pathogen effectors to trigger stronger effect trigger immunity (ETI) (Wu et al., 2024). Faced with complex host-pathogen interaction networks, emerging molecular design methods show great potential. Researchers recently transferred the disease-resistant NLR receptor Bs2 and its cofactors in the solanaceae crop peppers to rice, successfully conferring high resistance to bacterial strabular disease to the originally susceptible rice (Hutin et al., 2016). This synergistic expression strategy of transfamily immune receptors proves that by combining disease-resistant genes from different crops, it can break through the limitations of rice's own resistance gene resources and build new disease-resistant pathways. 3.3 Disease resistance evaluation method and standard system A scientific and reliable disease resistance identification and evaluation system is an important basis for rice disease resistance breeding research. In order to accurately determine the resistance level of rice materials to bacterial strife disease, researchers have established a variety of inoculation identification methods and evaluation standards. Commonly used inoculation methods include leaf scissoring, acupuncture, spraying and infiltration. Different methods have their own advantages and disadvantages: leaf scissoring and inoculation are simple to operate and the results show fast, which is suitable for the evaluation of resistance to white leaf blight. However, for bacterial strife disease, which mainly infects the leaf surface tissue, acupuncture or infiltration methods often have better distinction. The spray method is close to the natural infection pathway, but it has strict requirements on the concentration and humidity of bacterial fluid. A variety of methods are often used in actual breeding research to ensure reliable identification results. In terms of disease resistance evaluation criteria, lesions length or condition index are usually used internationally as measurement indicators. According to the Standard Assessment System (SES) developed by IRRI, the lesions length of each leaf was measured 14 days after inoculation, and the average lesions length was calculated as a resistance indicator. Materials can be graded according to the length of the lesions: if the average lesions <5 cm are determined as anti-(R), 510 cm is medium resistance (MR), 1 015 cm is medium sensitivity (MS), and >15 cm is high sensitivity (S). For acupuncture or spray inoculation, a scoring method is also used for grades 0 to 9 recordings, among which grade 0 is asymptomatic, only small spots appear locally at level 1, and most of the leaves will turn brown and die, and each level will correspond to the corresponding anti-sensory evaluation. The material can be determined to have a disease resistance from multiple environments and multiple repetitions. 4 Breeding Strategies and Technological Progress of Antibacterial Strabular Disease 4.1 Traditional breeding methods Traditional rice disease-resistant breeding mainly relies on phenotypic selection and hybridization improvement, including screening of disease-resistant varieties from natural germplasm, artificial hybridization and polymerization of favorable genes, and multigenerational targeted selection. In China, breeders introduced wild rice resistance into cultivated rice through hybrid breeding. The variety "Minghui 63" bred in the 1990s showed good resistance to white leaf blight. However, for bacterial strabular disease, traditional breeding mainly relies on cross-species hybridization to introduce anti-source due to the lack of significant resistance cultivars. There have been research on hybridizing ordinary wild rice, medicinal wild rice, etc. with cultivated rice to obtain a few offspring materials that are moderately resistant to strabular disease. But overall, traditional breeding is less efficient in improving resistance to plaque disease. Nevertheless, traditional breeding methods still play a fundamental role in disease-resistant breeding. For example, through population-oriented selection and combined with field disease garden identification, the disease resistance level of the strain can be gradually improved (Jiang et al., 2021). At the same time, traditional breeding focuses on maintaining the comprehensive agronomic traits of the varieties, and the selected and resistant materials need to be back-crossed and improved to restore yield and quality. This "resistance introduction-backcross recovery" model is often used in hybrid rice disease-resistant breeding, that is, first hybridize the anti-source with excellent varieties, and then repeatedly backcross the excellent parents, and select single plants with disease-resistant and excellent agronomic traits for multiple generations.
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