Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 100-110 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 109 for farmers. For example, a "rotation optimization app" is developed to automatically output the recommended rotation sequence and supporting measures after inputting the characteristics of the field. This will greatly reduce the technical threshold for farmers to implement crop rotation (Lv et al., 2024). Digital agriculture can also promote fine management. For example, with the help of IoT monitoring, the pest and disease pressure threshold of each field is different, and the rotation period can be accurately adjusted. Fields with severe diseases can extend the planting time of non-sorghum crops, while fields with mild diseases can shorten the rotation cycle and improve land utilization (O’Donoghue et al., 2024). In addition, the introduction of blockchain technology can record the rotation process, improve the traceability of agricultural products, and highlight the value of green planting. In terms of scientific research, multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary research should be strengthened: combining plant pathology, entomology and data science, building a digital twin farmland model, reproducing the succession of pests and diseases under different rotation systems, and finding the optimal control node (Carrión et al., 2019). On this basis, a decision support system (DSS) should be developed to guide large-scale agricultural rotation layout and pest and disease control. The government and scientific research institutions should also establish an open agricultural data platform to collect national rotation experiments and agricultural information for AI model training to improve prediction accuracy. Finally, attention should be paid to the adaptive training of digital technology to ensure that farmers can master the use of these new tools to implement rotation in a refined manner. It is foreseeable that in the era of digital agriculture 4.0, sorghum rotation will not only be a legacy of farmers’ experience, but also an optimization process supported by precise monitoring and intelligent decision-making (O’Donoghue et al., 2024). This will give new vitality to traditional rotation and inject strong momentum into the sustainable management of pests and diseases of crops such as sorghum. Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank Joy for reviewing the manuscript and providing valuable suggestions, which contributed to its improvement. Additionally, heartfelt gratitude is extended to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their comprehensive evaluation of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors confirm that the study was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships and could be interpreted as a potential conflict of interest. References Al-Shammary A.A.G., Al-Shihmani L.S.S., Fernández-Gálvez J., and Caballero-Calvo A., 2024, Optimizing sustainable agriculture: a comprehensive review of agronomic practices and their impacts on soil attributes, Journal of Environmental Management, 364: 121487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121487 Bowles T.M., Mooshammer M., Socolar Y., Calderón F., Cavigelli M.A., Culman S.W., and Grandy A.S., 2020, Long-term evidence shows that crop-rotation diversification increases agricultural resilience to adverse growing conditions in North America, One Earth, 2(3): 284-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.02.007 Carrión V.J., Perez-Jaramillo J., de Hollander M., Cordovez V., Tracanna V., De Hollander M., Ruiz-Buck D., Mendes L.W., van Ijcken W.F.J., Exposito R.G., Elsayed S.S., Mohanraju P., Arifah A., der Oost J.V., Paulson J.N., Mendes R., van Wezel G.P., Medema M.H., and Raaijmakers J.M., 2019, Pathogen-induced activation of disease-suppressive functions in the endophytic root microbiome, Science, 366(6465): 606-612. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw9285 Cao C.X., Wang N., Liu Y.B., Huang H.M., Wu M.J., and Liu X.H., 2024, Current status of collection, evaluation, and utilization of sorghumgermplasmresources, Plant Gene and Trait, 15(6): 295-304. https://doi.org/10.5376/pgt.2024.15.0029 Chen S.S., Zhao Z., Liu X.J., Li K.Y., Arif M., Zhang B.J., Dong L.L., Rui W., Ren M.J., and Xie X., 2024, Response and disease resistance evaluation of sorghum seedlings under anthracnose stress, Scientific Reports, 14(1): 21978. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70088-0 Deen W., Drury C.F., Garcia A.G., Gaudin A.C.M., Harkcom W.S., Lehman R.M., Osborne S.L., Robertson G.P., Salerno J., Schmer M.R., Strock J., and Grandy A.S., 2020, Long-term evidence shows that crop-rotation diversification increases agricultural resilience to adverse growing conditions in North America, One Earth, 2(3): 284-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.02.007
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