Molecular Pathogens, 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 100-110 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 102 figure shows that sorghum rotation reconstructs the ecological environment of pests and diseases through the combined action of crop diversity and rhizosphere microbial regulation, establishes a multi-dimensional ecological defense line at the soil and plant levels, and improves the stability and agronomic safety of the system (Carrión et al., 2019; Little et al., 2023). The joint action pathways of sorghum and other rotation crops in constructing a non-host environment, regulating microbial structure, enhancing beneficial bacteria, destroying pathogen chains, and guiding the recovery of natural enemy communities (Figure 1) (Zhou et al., 2023).It can be seen that sorghum not only has certain resistance characteristics at the physiological level, but also becomes an important node crop for building a low-risk agricultural ecosystem for pests and diseases because of its synergistic ability in the crop community. Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the mechanism of sorghum rotation in ecological regulation of pests and diseases (Adopted from Zhou et al., 2023) Image caption: (A) 0 h, (B) 12 h, (C) 24 h, (D) 36 h, (E) 48 h, (F) 72 h, (G) 96 h, and (H) 120 h (Adopted from Zhou et al., 2023) 3 Impact of Crop Rotation on Soil Microecology 3.1 Changes in soil microbial diversity Soil microbial communities are the core components of farmland ecosystems, and their diversity and functions are directly related to crop health and pest and disease control capabilities. Long-term continuous cropping usually leads to a decrease in soil microbial diversity, a decrease in the number of beneficial bacteria, and some pathogenic microorganisms gradually dominate, forming a "soil fatigue" phenomenon (Sun et al., 2024). Crop rotation, especially diversified planting systems including sorghum, has been shown to significantly increase the species richness and functional diversity of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the soil (Li et al., 2024). A six-year field rotation study found that compared with continuous corn cropping, the three-crop rotation of corn-sorghum-leguminous crops significantly increased the Shannon diversity index of soil microorganisms, especially in the late rotation period, the abundance of pathogenic fungi (such as Fusarium spp.) decreased, while the proportion of antagonistic microorganisms such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas increased. In addition, crop rotation helps break the single-dominant pattern of microorganisms, allowing different groups to form a more complex coexistence network and enhance the stability of the soil ecosystem (Carrión et al., 2019). Changes in rhizosphere microbial communities also significantly depend on the type of previous crop. Sorghum has a strong root secretion ability, and the compounds it releases, such as phenols and organic acids, can regulate
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