Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 227-236 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 233 like red rot, wilt, and seedling rot. For instance, Trichoderma and Chaetomium species, along with bacterial antagonists, have been effective in protecting sugarcane from red rot through induced systemic resistance and direct antagonism. Additionally, the use of endophytic bacteria such as Pantoea cypripedii and Kosakonia arachidis has been shown to promote plant growth and enhance nitrogen assimilation, which can indirectly improve disease resistance (Schultz et al., 2017). Chemical control remains a critical component of IDM, particularly for managing severe outbreaks. However, the overuse of chemical pesticides can lead to resistance and environmental issues. Therefore, integrating chemical treatments with biological controls and cultural practices, such as crop rotation, sanitation, and the use of resistant varieties, can enhance overall disease management efficacy (Schultz et al., 2017; Silva et al., 2023). 7.2 Monitoring and early detection systems for effective control Effective IDM relies heavily on the early detection and accurate diagnosis of diseases. Traditional methods for detecting pathogens like Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, the causative agent of Ratoon Stunting Disease (RSD), include microscopic, serological, and molecular-based techniques. However, these methods can be time-consuming, expensive, and not always suitable for on-farm diagnosis. Recent advancements in diagnostic technologies, such as isothermal amplification-based microdevices and nano-biosensing, offer promising solutions for rapid and accurate pathogen detection, which is crucial for timely intervention and management. For diseases like sugarcane smut, caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, molecular markers have been developed to facilitate the early identification of resistant genotypes, thereby aiding in the selection of resistant varieties in breeding programs (Bhuiyan et al., 2021). Similarly, the use of molecular diagnostics and biotechnological tools has been successfully implemented in regions like Tucumán, Argentina, to reduce the incidence of systemic diseases through seed cane sanitation and the application of bioproducts. 7.3 Successful implementation of idm in sugarcane cultivation The successful implementation of IDM in sugarcane cultivation requires a holistic approach that integrates various control strategies tailored to specific regional conditions. For example, in Tucumán, Argentina, the combination of molecular markers, in vitro culture techniques, and biological products has significantly enhanced disease management and productivity in sugarcane fields (Racedo et al., 2023). Additionally, the use of biocontrol agents like Trichoderma harzianum has been shown to reduce the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum falcatum, the red rot pathogen, through interactive proteomics and the identification of antifungal proteins (Viswanathan and Malathi, 2018). The integration of cultural practices such as crop rotation, sanitation, and the use of resistant varieties has been effective in managing diseases like sugarcane smut and mosaic disease. The application of molecular markers for early detection and the development of resistant varieties have been particularly successful in mitigating the impact of these diseases (Lu et al., 2021). 8 Concluding Remarks Bacterial diseases of sugarcane, particularly Ratoon Stunting Disease (RSD) caused by Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx), and Yellow Leaf Disease (YLD) caused by Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (ScYLV), have significant impacts on sugarcane yield and quality. RSD is highly contagious and difficult to detect due to the lack of visible symptoms, which complicates management strategies. Current diagnostic methods, including microscopic, serological, and molecular-based techniques, have limitations in terms of reliability, specificity, and practicality for on-farm use. YLD, on the other hand, spreads through infected setts and aphid vectors, leading to severe yield reductions and varietal degeneration. Effective management of these diseases requires rapid and accurate detection methods, as well as integrated disease management practices. The integration of future nanobiosensing and isothermal amplification in microdevice formats demonstrates the hope for accurate detection of pathogens such as Lxx. Identifying genomic regions associated with disease resistance and developing molecular markers for marker assisted breeding can significantly enhance disease resistant breeding programs. Understanding the transcriptomic and proteomic responses of sugarcane to pathogens
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