Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 200-208 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 206 (AJ) not only suppress Fusariumroot rot effectively but also promote plant growth, offering a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to chemical controls (Gao et al., 2022). These practices not only lower the input costs but also enhance the long-term sustainability of cotton production by maintaining soil health and reducing environmental pollution. 8 Concluding Remarks Fusariumboll rot in cotton, primarily caused by Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. vasinfectum(FOV), is a significant disease affecting cotton production globally. The pathogen is known for its persistence in soil and its ability to infect through the roots, leading to vascular system colonization and subsequent plant wilting and discoloration. The disease has been reported in various cotton-growing regions, including the United States, where recent outbreaks have highlighted the need for effective management strategies. The pathogen's diversity, with multiple races and genotypes, complicates control efforts, as different races exhibit varying levels of virulence and host specificity. Additionally, the role of insect vectors, such as stink bugs and tarnished plant bugs, in the transmission and exacerbation of Fusariumboll rot has been recognized, further complicating disease management. Effective control of Fusariumboll rot requires an integrated approach. The use of resistant cultivars remains the cornerstone of management, as breeding efforts continue to focus on developing varieties with enhanced resistance to multiple FOV races. Pathogen-free seed and stringent seed treatment protocols are essential to prevent the introduction of inoculum into new fields. Soil management practices, such as solarization and fumigation, although limited in commercial settings, can help reduce soilborne inoculum levels. Additionally, managing insect vectors through timely insecticide applications and cultural practices can mitigate the spread of the disease. Advances in genomic studies of FOV provide valuable insights into pathogen virulence factors, which can inform the development of targeted control measures. Long-term management of Fusarium boll rot in cotton will depend on a combination of genetic, cultural, and chemical strategies. Continued research into the genetic diversity and pathogenic mechanisms of FOV is crucial for developing durable resistance in cotton cultivars. Monitoring and early detection of the pathogen, coupled with effective quarantine measures, can prevent the spread of new and highly virulent races. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that address both the fungal pathogen and its insect vectors will be essential for sustainable disease control. Ultimately, a collaborative effort between researchers, breeders, and growers will be necessary to implement and refine these strategies, ensuring the long-term health and productivity of cotton crops worldwide. Acknowledgments I thank Mr Z. Wu from the Institute of Life Science of Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University for his reading and revising suggestion. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ajmal M., Hussain A., Ali A., Chen H., and Lin H., 2022, Strategies for controlling the sporulation inFusariumspp, Journal of Fungi, 9(1): 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9010010 Asif R., Siddique M., Hayat S., Rasul I., Nadeem H., Faisal M., Waseem M., Zakki S., Zitouni A., and Muzammil S., 2023, Efficacy of Saccharothrix algeriensis NRRL B-24137 to suppress Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. vasinfectuminduced wilt disease in cotton, PeerJ, 11: e14754. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14754 Chavez M., Mokhtari S., and Ali A., 2022, First report of Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. vasinfectumcausing FusariumWilt of Cotton in Kansas U.S.A, Plant disease, 107(4): 1239. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-22-1808-PDN
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