Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 200-208 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 204 5.3 Biological control options: beneficial microbes and biocontrol agents 5.3.1 Use of antagonistic fungi and bacteria Biological control using antagonistic fungi and bacteria has shown promise in managing Fusariumboll rot. For instance, the actinomycete Saccharothrix algeriensis NRRL B-24137 has demonstrated significant anti-Fusarium activity (Figure 2), reducing disease incidence by 74% in greenhouse experiments (Man et al., 2022). Similarly, Pseudomonas strains producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) have been effective in reducing Fusariumroot rot in cotton (Egamberdieva et al., 2015). Figure 2 Effect of seed treatment with Sa. algeriensis on vegetative plant growth parameters such as Plant height, root length and plant weight of cotton after 45 days in a greenhouse (Adopted from Asif et al., 2023) 5.3.2 Enhancing plant immunity with biocontrol agents Biocontrol agents can also enhance plant immunity, making them more resistant to Fusarium infections. For example, Pseudomonas strains have been shown to improve seed germination and seedling growth under saline conditions while reducing disease incidence. These beneficial microbes can modulate plant hormone levels, thereby enhancing the plant's natural defense mechanisms against Fusariumpathogens. 5.3.3 Challenges in biological control implementation Despite the potential benefits, implementing biological control methods faces several challenges. The variability in environmental conditions can affect the efficacy of biocontrol agents, making it difficult to achieve consistent results. Additionally, the large-scale production and application of these agents require further research and development to ensure their practical feasibility and cost-effectiveness (Yin et al., 2024). Therefore, while biological control offers a promising alternative to chemical treatments, overcoming these challenges is essential for its successful implementation in managing Fusariumboll rot in cotton. 6 Emerging Control Strategies 6.1 Use of resistant cotton varieties The development and use of resistant cotton varieties remain one of the most effective strategies for managing
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