Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 200-208 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 202 instance, controlled temperature conditions have been used to study the dynamic responses of cotton to FOV4, revealing that cooler temperatures (20 °C~22 °C) can exacerbate disease symptoms (Zhu et al., 2021). Soil conditions, including inoculum density and spatial distribution, also affect disease severity. High inoculum densities in the soil are associated with increased disease incidence and severity, necessitating precise management practices to mitigate the spread (Smith et al., 2001; Davis et al., 2022). Additionally, the spatial variability of inoculum density within a field can lead to uneven disease distribution, complicating the interpretation of resistance trials and management strategies. Figure 1 Root rot symptoms caused by Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. vasinfectumrace 4 in the four different inoculation methods were observed on A to E, the resistant Pima cultivar PHY 881 RF and F to J, the susceptible cultivar PHY 725 RF at 7 days postinoculation. (Adopted from Zhu et al., 2023) 4 Symptoms and Diagnosis of FusariumBollRot 4.1 Visible symptoms in infected cotton bolls Fusarium boll rot in cotton manifests through several distinct visible symptoms. Infected bolls often exhibit necrotic lesions that can range from dark brown to black, typically starting at the base of the peduncle and extending down the petiole. These lesions can cause the bolls to become mummified and remain attached to the plant by a small portion of the peduncle tissue (Chavez et al., 2022). Additionally, white mycelial strands and dark-brown sclerotial bodies may be observed on the surface of infected bolls, leading to complete decay (Mahadevakumar et al., 2016). The presence of these symptoms can significantly reduce the yield and market value of the cotton crop.
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