Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 179-188 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 186 large-scale transcriptomic data. Finally, translating these findings into practical breeding programs through the identification and incorporation of key resistance genes into new wheat cultivars should be a priority. The application of transcriptomics in crop improvement holds immense potential for developing disease-resistant wheat varieties. By elucidating the molecular underpinnings of resistance, transcriptomic studies provide valuable targets for genetic engineering and marker-assisted selection. The integration of transcriptomic data with other omics approaches can lead to the development of more resilient and high-yielding wheat cultivars. As we continue to refine our understanding of the complex interactions between wheat and its pathogens, the insights gained from transcriptomic research will be instrumental in ensuring sustainable wheat production and food security in the face of evolving disease pressures. Acknowledgments We are grateful to Dr. W. Zhang for this assistance with the serious reading and helpful discussions during the course of this work. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Andersen E.J., Lindsey L.E., and Nepal M.P., 2020, Genome-wide identification of disease resistance genes (R Genes) in wheat, bioRxiv, 18: 210286. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.18.210286 Babu P., Baranwal D., H., Pal D., Bharti H., Joshi P., Thiyagarajan B., Gaikwad K., Bhardwaj S., Singh G., and Singh A., 2020, Application of genomics tools in wheat breeding to attain durable rust resistance, Frontiers in Plant Science, 11: 567147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.567147 Chauhan H., Boni R., Bucher R., Kuhn B., Buchmann G., Sucher J., Selter L., Hensel G., Kumlehn J., Bigler L., Glauser G., Wicker T., Krattinger S., and Keller B., 2015, The wheat resistance gene Lr34 results in the constitutive induction of multiple defense pathways in transgenic barley, The Plant Journal : For Cell And Molecular Biology, 84(1): 202-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13001 Coletta R., Lavell A., and Garvin D., 2021, A homolog of the arabidopsis TIME FOR COFFEEgene is involved in nonhost resistance to wheat stem rust inBrachypodium distachyon, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI, 34(11): 1298-1306. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-06-21-0137-R Deng Y., Ning Y., Yang D., Zhai K., Wang G., and He Z., 2020, Molecular basis of disease resistance and perspectives on breeding strategies for resistance improvement in crops, Molecular Plant, 13(10): 1402-1419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.018 Hafeez A., Arora S., Ghosh S., Gilbert D., Bowden R., and Wulff B., 2021, Creation and judicious application of a wheat resistance gene atlas, Molecular Plant, 14(7): 1053-1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2021.05.014 Hawku M., Goher F., Islam M., Guo J., He F., Bai X., Yuan P., Kang Z., and Guo J., 2021, TaAP2-15 An AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Is Positively Involved in Wheat Resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(4): 2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042080 Hawku M., He F., Bai X., Islam M., Huang X., Kang Z., and Guo J., 2022, A R2R3 MYB Transcription Factor TaMYB391 Is Positively Involved in Wheat Resistance toPuccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(22): 14070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214070 Jabran M., Ali M., Zahoor A., Muhae-Ud-Din G., Liu T., Chen W., and Gao L., 2023, Intelligent reprogramming of wheat for enhancement of fungal and nematode disease resistance using advanced molecular techniques, Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1132699. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1132699 Konstantinov D.K., Zubairova U.S., Ermakov A.A., and Doroshkov A., 2021, Comparative transcriptome profiling of a resistant vs susceptible bread wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivar in response to water deficit and cold stress, Peer J, 9: e11428. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11428 Krattinger S., and Keller B., 2016, Molecular genetics and evolution of disease resistance in cereals, The New Phytologist, 212(2): 320-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14097
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